Vitamin D and COVID‐19: Role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity

Getachew, Bruk; Tizabi, Yousef

doi:10.1002/jmv.27075

Cited by 51 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(273 reference statements)

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“…Many studies have highlighted the ability of vitamin D to reduce infections and to modulate innate and adaptive cellular immunity, and have shown an inverse association between the incidence of airway infections and its serum levels [74].…”

Section: Mediterranean Diet and Covid-19: Plausible Mechanisms Of Potential Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Diet a Potential Strategy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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Mediterranean Diet represents the traditional eating habits of populations living around the Mediterranean Sea, and it is associated with a lower risk of overall mortality and cancer incidence and cardiovascular diseases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a new pandemic, and represents a significant and critical threat to global human health. In this study, we aimed to review the possible effects of Mediterranean Diet against the risk of the coronavirus disease 2019. Several vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and phytochemicals with their potential anti-COVID-19 activity are presented. Different risk factors may increase or reduce the probability of contracting the disease. Mediterranean Diet has also a positive action on inflammation and immune system and could have a protective effect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Further studies are needed to corroborate the benefits of the Mediterranean Diet protective role on infection with SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Mediterranean Diet and Covid-19: Plausible Mechanisms Of Potential Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Diet a Potential Strategy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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“…Vitamin D exerts pleiotropic effects, and its deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to several diseases [ 58 ]. Recently, this drug has been repurposed for COVID-19 because low vitamin D status is associated with various degrees of disease severity and mortality [ 58 ]. In addition, an observational study shows that mortality is inversely associated with vitamin D supplementation [ 59 ].…”

Section: Drugs Candidates For Repurposing In Covid-19 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, an observational study shows that mortality is inversely associated with vitamin D supplementation [ 59 ]. Interestingly, it interacts with ACE2 (the entry door of virus), attenuates cytokine release, and preserves cell junctions, strengthening cellular immunity [ 58 ]. Notably, vitamin D is more active in women with autoimmune diseases than men [ 60 ].…”

Section: Drugs Candidates For Repurposing In Covid-19 Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Just a Reflection: Does Drug Repurposing Perpetuate Sex-Gender Bias in the Safety Profile?

Campesi

Racagni

Franconi³

2021

Pharmaceuticals

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Vaccines constitute a strategy to reduce the burden of COVID-19, but the treatment of COVID-19 is still a challenge. The lack of approved drugs for severe COVID-19 makes repurposing or repositioning of approved drugs a relevant approach because it occurs at lower costs and in a shorter time. Most preclinical and clinical tests, including safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, were already performed. However, infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19 are linked with hypoalbuminemia and downregulation of both phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, which can occur in modifications of pharmacokinetics and consequentially of safety profiles. This appears to occur in a sex- and gender-specific way because of the sex and gender differences present in the immune system and inflammation, which, in turn, reflect on pharmacokinetic parameters. Therefore, to make better decisions about drug dosage regimens and to increases the safety profile in patients suffering from infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, it is urgently needed to study repurposing or repositioning drugs in men and in women paying attention to pharmacokinetics, especially for those drugs that are previously scarcely evaluated in women.

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“…It therefore has a protective role against ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2. Sufficient vitamin D3 levels prevent the development of ARDS by reducing the levels of angiotensin II and increasing the level of angiotensin-(1,7) [ 18 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Borsche¹,

Glauner²,

Mendel

2021

Nutrients

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Background: Much research shows that blood calcidiol (25(OH)D3) levels correlate strongly with SARS-CoV-2 infection severity. There is open discussion regarding whether low D3 is caused by the infection or if deficiency negatively affects immune defense. The aim of this study was to collect further evidence on this topic. Methods: Systematic literature search was performed to identify retrospective cohort as well as clinical studies on COVID-19 mortality rates versus D3 blood levels. Mortality rates from clinical studies were corrected for age, sex, and diabetes. Data were analyzed using correlation and linear regression. Results: One population study and seven clinical studies were identified, which reported D3 blood levels preinfection or on the day of hospital admission. The two independent datasets showed a negative Pearson correlation of D3 levels and mortality risk (r(17) = −0.4154, p = 0.0770/r(13) = −0.4886, p = 0.0646). For the combined data, median (IQR) D3 levels were 23.2 ng/mL (17.4–26.8), and a significant Pearson correlation was observed (r(32) = −0.3989, p = 0.0194). Regression suggested a theoretical point of zero mortality at approximately 50 ng/mL D3. Conclusions: The datasets provide strong evidence that low D3 is a predictor rather than just a side effect of the infection. Despite ongoing vaccinations, we recommend raising serum 25(OH)D levels to above 50 ng/mL to prevent or mitigate new outbreaks due to escape mutations or decreasing antibody activity.

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Vitamin D and COVID‐19: Role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity

Cited by 51 publications

References 128 publications

Mediterranean Diet a Potential Strategy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review

Mediterranean Diet a Potential Strategy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review

Just a Reflection: Does Drug Repurposing Perpetuate Sex-Gender Bias in the Safety Profile?

COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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