Vitamins, supplements and COVID-19: a review of currently available evidence

Abstract

Background In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an information overload of health data (both accurate and inaccurate) available to the public. With vitamins and supplements being readily accessible, many have turned to using them in an effort to combat the virus. The purpose of this review was to analyse clinical trials regarding vitamins and supplements for the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Methods Articles were identified through a literature search utilizing online databases and bibliographic review. Results A total of seven articles were identified for review. All articles evaluated the use of vitamins and supplements for the treatment of COVID-19. Drug therapies included oral vitamin D, intravenous and oral vitamin C, oral vitamin D/magnesium/vitamin B12, oral zinc, oral combination zinc/ascorbic acid, and intravenous alpha-lipoic acid. The end points of each study varied, including the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, mortality, rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, negativity of COVID-19 tests, oxygen requirements, and symptom burden. Conclusion Of the vitamins and supplements that were studied, vitamin D presented the most promising data demonstrating significant decreases in oxygen requirements, need for ICU treatment, SARS-CoV-2 RNA test positivity, and mortality. All of these benefits were exhibited in hospitalized patients. Other vitamins and supplements that were evaluated in studies did not demonstrate any statistically significant benefits. Common shortcomings of the articles included generally small sample sizes, varying sites of study (which could determine the virus variant), a lack of standard of care as background therapy, and utilization of doses that were higher than standard.

The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalization

“…Such deficiencies can be corrected by following a healthy diet combined with the proper use of supplements. Although the use of vitamin and mineral supplements does not prevent infection with COVID-19 [ 12 ], it can improve immune status and subsequent disease severity [ 13 , 14 ]. Hence, the use of supplements has increased drastically during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 15 ].…”

Effects of vitamin C and D on the mRNA expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, cathepsin L, and transmembrane serine protease in the mouse lungs

“…Vitamins C and D are widely administrated to SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, and as prophylaxis against COVID-19 infection [ 20 ]. Some clinical studies found that these Vits have favorable effects among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients [ 21 ]. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of Vit C and D on the mRNA expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes.…”

Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of different vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 patients

“…According to the epidemiological findings, vitamin D is essential for reducing acute respiratory diseases. Besides, vitamin D can be prescribed to have antiviral effects as a preventive or therapeutic approach as an adjuvant in COVID-19 infections [131] , [132] , [133] . Vitamin D is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 receptor (DPP-4/CD26) binding, recognition of RIG-I host, and Papain-like protease (PLpro).…”