“…Second, for the practical applications of smart coatings, both the visible light transmittance and the solar modulation capability of the VO 2 thin films need to be improved. Growth of high-quality VO 2 thin films on buffer layers with structural similarity, including ZnO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 [176,177], Al 2 O 3 [178], and ZnO:Al (AZO) [179,180], has been attempted and the films exhibit improved thermochromic properties. In addition, artificial nanostructures, such as multilayers, porous structures and composites, have also been constructed to compensate the shortcomings of VO 2 thin films alone and to add anti-reflection, anti-fogging, and other functions [181][182][183].…”