Void-Handling Techniques for Routing Protocols in Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Ghoreyshi, Seyed Mohammad; Shahrabi, Alireza; Boutaleb, Tuleen

doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2657881

Cited by 131 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(188 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have already been carried out for efficient routing protocols in UWSNs [12][13][14]; however, we describe the closely related work in this section, i.e., all those protocols that depend on the pipeline radius for directionality purposes using a node's relative coordinates [15] and timer information [16] for broadcasting.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Wadud

Ullah

Qazi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks (UWSNs) use acoustic waves as a communication medium because of the high attenuation to radio and optical waves underwater. However, acoustic signals lack propagation speed as compared to radio or optical waves. In addition, the UWSNs also pose various intrinsic challenges, i.e., frequent node mobility with water currents, high error rate, low bandwidth, long delays, and energy scarcity. Various UWSN routing protocols have been proposed to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. Vector-based routing protocols confine the communication within a virtual pipeline for the sake of directionality and define a fixed pipeline radius between the source node and the centerline station. Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (ESEVBF) protocol limits the number of duplicate packets by expanding the holding time according to the propagation delay, and thus reduces the energy consumption via the remaining energy of Potential Forwarding Nodes (PFNs) at the first hop. The holding time mechanism of ESEVBF is restricted only to the first-hop PFNs of the source node. The protocol fails when there is a void or energy hole at the second hop, affecting the reliability of the system. Our proposed protocol, Extended Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding Protocol (EESEVBF), exploits the holding time mechanism to suppress duplicate packets. Moreover, the proposed protocol tackles the hidden terminal problem due to which a reasonable reduction in duplicate packets initiated by the reproducing nodes occurs. The holding time is calculated based on the following four parameters: (i) the distance from the boundary of the transmission area relative to the PFNs’ inverse energy at the 1st and 2nd hop, (ii) distance from the virtual pipeline, (iii) distance from the source to the PFN at the second hop, and (iv) distance from the first-hop PFN to its destination. Therefore, the proposed protocol stretches the holding time difference based on two hops, resulting in lower energy consumption, decreased end-to-end delay, and increased packet delivery ratio. The simulation results demonstrate that compared to ESEVBF, our proposed protocol EESEVBF experiences 20.2 % lesser delay, approximately 6.66 % more energy efficiency, and a further 11.26 % reduction in generating redundant packets.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Wadud

Ullah

Qazi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…The geographic routing schemes have been shown to be very suitable for UWSNs, because they do not need the communication overhead to discover and maintain the full path from the source to the destination. However, the characteristics of underwater environments make it more difficult for such schemes to cope with void regions [27]. Mainly because the void regions are 3D, which require special treatments than 2D voids in terrestrial networks; and because sensor nodes mobility in underwater creates mobile void regions.…”

Section: The Grid Void Avoidance (Gva) Scheme Of Va-gmprmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Void Avoidance Scheme for Grid-Based Multipath Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Subhi¹,

Arafeh²,

Alzeidi³

et al. 2018

WSN

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This work proposes a geographic routing protocol for UWSNs based on the construction of a 3D virtual grid structure, called Void-Avoidance Grid-based Multipath Position-based Routing (VA-GMPR). It consists of two main components, the multipath routing scheme and the grid-based void avoidance (GVA) mechanism for handling routing holes. The multipath routing scheme adopts node-disjoint routes from the source to the sink in order to enhance network reliability and load balancing. While the GVA mechanism handles the problem of holes in 3D virtual grid structure based on three techniques: Hole bypass, path diversion, and path backtracking. The performance evaluation of the VA-GMPR protocol was compared to a recently proposed grid-based routing protocol for UWSNs, called Energy-efficient Multipath Geographic Grid-based Routing (EMGGR). The results showed that the VA-GMPR protocol outperformed the EMGGR protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, and end-to end-delay. However, the results also showed that the VA-GMPR protocol exhibited higher energy consumption compared to EMGGR.

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“…Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are widely used to support aquatic applications such as environmental monitoring, exploration of ocean resource, early warning systems, and seismic and volcanic prediction. Underwater sensor nodes are deployed in different depths of the region of interest to collect aquatic information and forward them to any one of the sinks on the surface [1][2][3]. Sink nodes then deliver the accumulated information to the monitoring centre via the terrestrial radio links for further analysis, as shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If such, the packet is dropped even though there is a valid path from the sender to the destination. This phenomenon is called the communication void or local maximum [1,8]. Different factors such as permanent or temporary obstacles, sparse topology, shadow zones, and unreliable nodes or links are considered as the most common reasons for this phenomenon happening [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Ghoreyshi

Shahrabi

Boutaleb

2018

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Self Cite

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Routing packets in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face different challenges, the most notable of which is perhaps how to deal with void communication areas. While this issue is not addressed in some underwater routing protocols, there exist some partially state-full protocols which can guarantee the delivery of packets using excessive communication overhead. However, there is no fully stateless underwater routing protocol, to the best of our knowledge, which can detect and bypass trapped nodes. A trapped node is a node which only leads packets to arrive finally at a void node. In this paper, we propose a Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol (SORP), in which the void and trapped nodes are locally detected in the different area of network topology to be excluded during the routing phase using a passive participation approach. SORP also uses a novel scheme to employ an adaptive forwarding area which can be resized and replaced according to the local density and placement of the candidate forwarding nodes to enhance the energy efficiency and reliability. We also make a theoretical analysis on the routing performance in case of considering the shadow zone and variable propagation delays. The results of our extensive simulation study indicate that SORP outperforms other protocols regarding the routing performance metrics.

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Void-Handling Techniques for Routing Protocols in Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

Cited by 131 publications

References 113 publications

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

An Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Stretched Holding Time Difference for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

A Void Avoidance Scheme for Grid-Based Multipath Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

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