A Void Avoidance Scheme for Grid-Based Multipath Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN) have attracted huge attention due to their significance in oceanic observation and exploration. They offer a vast number of applications, many of which require routing the sensed data to a centralized location. This makes routing an important part of the design of such applications. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of recently proposed routing protocols for UWSNs. We evaluate the proposed schemes through an extensive set of parameters that define the core characteristics of a routing protocol. Moreover, we present a summary of the methods used by each scheme to familiarize readers with the basic operations of the schemes. We also present our view of the strengths and weakness of each scheme. For ease of description, the addressed routing protocols are divided into two categories: localization-based, and localization-free routing schemes. Each of the two categories is further divided into the protocols that consider node mobility, and those that do not. Lastly, we present our view on open research topics.

show abstract

“…VA-GMPR [32] works by dividing a UWSN into a virtual three-dimensional grid of equal sized cubic cells. Each cell has an elected gateway.…”

Section: Routing Protocols For Uwsnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Islam

Lee

2019

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, geographic routing strategies are more suitable for intelligent vehicular networks, and a plethora of geographic routing strategies have emerged in the context of intelligent vehicular networks. However, existing geographic routing strategies suffer a lot from the problem of "routing void" [19,20]. That is, the current packet holder's distance to the destination is closer than any other neighbors, and the destination cannot be reached within one hop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperbolic-Embedding-Aided Geographic Routing in Intelligent Vehicular Networks

Pan,

Lyu

2024

Electronics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intelligent vehicular networks can not only connect various smart terminals to manned or unmanned vehicles but also to roads and people’s hands. In order to support diverse vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications in dynamic, intelligent vehicular networks, efficient and flexible routing is fundamental but challenging. Aimed to eliminate routing voids in traditional Euclidean geographic greedy routing strategies, we propose a hyperbolic-embedding-aided geographic routing strategy (HGR) in this paper. By embedding the network topology into a two-dimensional Poincaré hyperbolic disk, greedy forwarding is performed according to nodes’ hyperbolic coordinates. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed HGR strategy can greatly enhance the routing success rate through a smaller stretch of the routing paths, with little sacrifice of routing computation time.

show abstract

“…The nodes in UWSNs are accoutered with bounded battery capacity, according to [8,12] battery substitution is not feasible because of the harsh underwater environment. Thus, to extend network's lifetime in a smart environment, the routing protocol should be energy efficient [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], as in smart cities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy Efficient Routing Approach for IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs in Smart Cities

Usman

Alfandi

Usman

et al. 2020

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs) are mostly used for observing and communicating via smart technologies. For the sake of collecting the desired information from the underwater environment, multiple acoustic sensors are deployed with limited resources, such as memory, battery, processing power, transmission range, etc. The replacement of resources for a particular node is not feasible due to the harsh underwater environment. Thus, the resources held by the node needs to be used efficiently to improve the lifetime of a network. In this paper, to support smart city vision, a terrestrial based “Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit” (ACH) 2 is examined in the specified three dimensional (3-D) region inside the water. Three different cases are considered, which are: single sink at the water surface, multiple sinks at water surface,, and sinks at both water surface and inside water. “Underwater (ACH) 2 ” (U-(ACH) 2 ) is evaluated in each case. We have used depth in our proposed U-(ACH) 2 to examine the performance of (ACH) 2 in the ocean environment. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed with state of the art routing protocols, including: Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR) protocol. Among all of the scenarios followed by case 1 and case 3, the number of packets sent and received at sink node are maximum using DEEC-(ACH) 2 protocol. The packets drop ratio using TEEN-(ACH) 2 protocol is less when compared to other algorithms in all scenarios. Whereas, for dead nodes DEEC-(ACH) 2 , LEACH-(ACH) 2 , and SEP-(ACH) 2 protocols’ performance is different for every considered scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed protocols outperform the existing ones.

show abstract

A Void Avoidance Scheme for Grid-Based Multipath Routing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Hyperbolic-Embedding-Aided Geographic Routing in Intelligent Vehicular Networks

An Energy Efficient Routing Approach for IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs in Smart Cities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About