Voiding Pattern and Acquisition of Bladder Control From Birth to Age 6 Years—a Longitudinal Study

Jansson, Ulla-Britt; Hanson, Maurice R.; Sillén, Ulla; Hellström, Anna‐Lena

doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000161216.45653.e3

Cited by 106 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…20,22 Economic factors are also related to this control: richer mothers with more education train their children later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquisição do controle esfincteriano em uma coorte de nascimentos: situação aos 2 anos de idade

Mota¹,

Barros²

2008

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objectives: Acquisition of bladder and bowel control is influenced by physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of children out of diapers by 24 months of age and the factors associated with this finding.Methods: A total of 3,281 children born in Pelotas, RS, Brazil in 2004 were enrolled on a longitudinal study. At 24 months their mothers were visited at home and replied to a questionnaire containing questions about sociodemographic data and the characteristics of their children's urinary and intestinal evacuation habits, with special attention to toilet training. Multivariate analyses were carried out using Poisson regression.Results: From the total, 24.3% were out of diapers during the day, with the female sex predominating (27.8 vs.21.1%, p < 0.001) and 8.6% were out of diapers at night, also with the female sex predominating (10.6 vs. 6.8%, p < 0.001). The abilities needed to start toilet training were present in 85.5% of the children. Guidance was received from a pediatrician in 10% of cases, and more frequently among richer mothers than among poorer mothers (22.9 vs. 4.8%).Mothers who spent more years in education (13.2%) and were from higher social classes (14%) took their children out of diapers later; a greater number of children living at home (relative risk = 1.32) and being able to communicate the need to go to the toilet (relative risk = 11.74) both increased the probability of being out of diapers; previous unsuccessful attempts delayed removal of diapers (relative risk = 0.59). Conclusions:Although the abilities needed for acquisition of bladder and bowel control were already present at 24 months, indicating that toilet training could be started, the majority of children had not yet started this training.Better-informed mothers delayed training the most.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(5):455-462: Toilet training, children, bladder control, bowel control, voiding dysfunction.

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“…20,22 Economic factors are also related to this control: richer mothers with more education train their children later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquisição do controle esfincteriano em uma coorte de nascimentos: situação aos 2 anos de idade

Mota¹,

Barros²

2008

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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“…The same author observed that, since the introduction of disposable diapers and the acceptance that children will decide when they are ready to become continent, the age of initiating training has been increasing, and bladder and bowel control has come to be seen as a stage of maturation. 35,36 In 2002, Wong carried out a validation study on a test of development to be used with Chinese children and detected that these children exhibited a median independent control age of 54 months, with this control being defined as bladder and bowel control, with trips to the bathroom as needed and without reminders from parents. 37 …”

Section: Epidemiology Of Toilet Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

Mota¹,

Barros²

2008

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To review both the scientific literature and lay literature on toilet training, covering parents' expectations, the methods available for achieving bladder and bowel control and associated morbidities. Summary of the findings:Parents have unrealistic expectations about the age at which diapers can be withdrawn, not taking child development into account. Toilet training strategies have not changed over recent decades, and in the majority of countries the age at which children are trained has been postponed. Training methods are rarely used.Starting toilet training prematurely and stressful events during this period can extend the training process. Children who have not been trained correctly present with enuresis, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction, constipation, encopresis and refusal to go to the toilet more frequently. Literature intended for lay parents is both abundant and adequate, available in book form and on the Internet, but it is not widely available to the Brazilian population. Just three international pediatrics societies have published guidelines on toilet training. Conclusions:Toilet training is occurring later in the majority of countries. The training methods that exist are the same from decades ago and are rarely used by mothers and valued little by pediatricians; incorrect training can be a causative factor for bladder and bowel disorders, which in turn cause problems for children and their families.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(1):9-17: Toilet training, enuresis, child, urinary tract infection, elimination disorders.

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“…Most children in Sweden have already started attending pre-school when they begin to develop urinary and bowel continence [1]. The pre-schools are mostly administered by Local Authorities and private pre-schools are administered as parent-cooperatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These involve being able to pull clothes up and down, hand washing, bottom wiping, flushing, and if desired, locking the door [1] [8]. It is also known that some children in Sweden by the age of seven have not yet developed daytime continence and some have developed neither day nor night continence [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satisfying Toilet Needs in Pre-School <br/>—Experiences of 5 - 6 Years Old

Lundblad¹,

Johansson²,

Wigert³

et al. 2016

Health

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Background: It is known that, for reasons of hygiene and/or anxiety, some first year primary school children actively choose to avoid going to the toilet whilst at school, while at the same time many young children's primary care visits are due to urinary tract and bowel problems. By this age most children can recognise the bodily signals indicating the need for a toilet visit, and can independently perform the associated routines. Aim of this study was to describe the experience of healthy 5 to 6 years old when needing and using toilets whilst at pre-school. Methods: A qualitative descriptive method was used. Seventeen children aged 5 to 6 years were interviewed. Results: Nearly all used the toilet when the need arose, but there were times during the day when their freedom to use the toilet was restricted. Most children experienced periods of waiting outside the toilet and a long wait could result in a decision to not use it. On those occasions when help was needed, it was usually necessary to shout once or more in order to attract the teacher's attention. Some children found the toilets clean and fresh while others found them dirty and smelly. Privacy during toilet visits was desirable among the children but queue outside the toilet was a cause of worry. Conclusion: The children were mostly able to use the toilet whilst at preschool, despite the challenges to their senses and integrity and occasionally issues with the teacher's rules. The need for privacy often had to yield to the teacher's need to control the children or even because toilet doors and/or locks were not adapted to the children's requirements.

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Voiding Pattern and Acquisition of Bladder Control From Birth to Age 6 Years—a Longitudinal Study

Cited by 106 publications

References 16 publications

Aquisição do controle esfincteriano em uma coorte de nascimentos: situação aos 2 anos de idade

Aquisição do controle esfincteriano em uma coorte de nascimentos: situação aos 2 anos de idade

Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

Satisfying Toilet Needs in Pre-School <br/>—Experiences of 5 - 6 Years Old

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Voiding Pattern and Acquisition of Bladder Control From Birth to Age 6 Years—a Longitudinal Study

Cited by 106 publications

References 16 publications

Aquisição do controle esfincteriano em uma coorte de nascimentos: situação aos 2 anos de idade

Aquisição do controle esfincteriano em uma coorte de nascimentos: situação aos 2 anos de idade

Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

Satisfying Toilet Needs in Pre-School &lt;br/&gt;—Experiences of 5 - 6 Years Old

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Product

Resources

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Satisfying Toilet Needs in Pre-School <br/>—Experiences of 5 - 6 Years Old