SUMMARY A prospective analysis of 421 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery as the sole cardiac procedure was carried out to assess the frequency of central nervous system (CNS) complications. In all, 451 variables were assessed in each patient. Stroke occurred in 5.2% but was severe in only 2%. Prolonged encephalopathy occurred in 11.6% but usually resolved before discharge. No statistically significant pre-or intraoperative risk variables for CNS complications were found; specifically, age or pump times in excess of two hours were not significant factors. Postoperative use of an ihtraaortic balloon pump and pressor agents were significantly correlated with prolonged encephalopathy. The fre quency of CNS injury in CABG surgery is similar to that in other forms of open heart surgery, and there has been little change in the frequency of CNS complications over the past seven years. there is little information on the neurologic difficulties encountered in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization as the sole heart procedure. [16][17][18][19] The extensive experience with myocardial revascularization at the Cleveland Clinic (over 2,000 procedures are performed annually) afforded us an opportunity to study a consecutive series of patients undergoing CABG surgery. The results of this computer-assisted prospective analysis with refer ence to central nervous system (CNS) complications form the subject of this report. Peripheral nervous sys tem complications are reported elsewhere. Each patient underwent a detailed neurologic histo ry and examination prior to surgery and one or more times afterward beginning on the fourth postoperative

During the first 3 years of life the number of voiding episodes, including interrupted voiding, post-void residual urine and voiding during sleep, decreased while bladder capacity increased.

No abstract

Today bladder control is acquired at a later stage despite earlier awareness of bladder function. The occurrence of bladder sensation from age 1.5 years motivates an earlier start with toilet training. Infants with small post-void residual volume at age 6 months or large bladder capacity will probably attain daytime dryness earlier than those with large post-void residual volume at age 6 months or small bladder capacity.

The 4-hour voiding observation is an easy noninvasive method of characterizing the voiding pattern, focusing especially on emptying difficulties, in infants and nontoilet trained children.