Volatile fatty acids in the human intestine: Studies in surgical patients

Mitchell, Barbara; Lawson, Michael J.; Davies, Martin; Grant, A. Kerr; Roediger, W. E. W.; Illman, Richard J.; Topping, David L.

doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(85)80140-8

Cited by 49 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Results from this study corroborate pre vious reports showing secretion of water and electrolytes in the colon after exposure to CT and ST [5][6][7], In the colon (but not the ileum) these effects can be partially reversed by the presence of butyrate in concentrations similar to those observed in the rat and human cecum [20][21][22], Presently available evidence suggests that butyrate is taken up in the unionized state [23], this process being favored by H+ secretion in the colon [24], Bicarbonate secretion in the ileum has the opposite effect, probably explaining the lack of effect of SCFA in the ileum. Under resting conditions, sodium uptake in the colon is predominantly electroneutral.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In the present study, all three SCFA were tested at the same concentration (40 mmol/1). While this ap proximates concentrations of butyrate and propionate found in rat and human cecum [20][21][22], acetate is usually present in higher concentrations. It is possible that at higher concentrations acetate may also have a bene ficial effect on sodium absorption in the co lon exposed to enterotoxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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The Effects of Enterotoxins and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Water and Electrolyte Fluxes in Heal and Colonic Loops in vivo in the Rat

Ramakrishna

Nance

et al. 1990

Digestion

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The effect of cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) on the ileum and colon was examined in vivo in the rat in an attempt to clarify the effects of enterotoxins on colonic mucosa and to determine if these effects were influenced by short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Both CT and ST induced similar changes in water and electrolyte fluxes, and the magnitude of these changes in loops of colon was similar to that observed in loops of ileum. The addition of luminal SCFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate did not influence the effect of either toxin in loops of ileum. However, in loops of colon exposed to CT, luminal butyrate (40 mM) largely reversed the effect of CT by converting net water secretion (mean ± SE, -363 ± 154 nl•cm^-2•min^-1) to net water absorption (470 ± 194 nl·cm^-2·min^-1) and by significantly reducing the net secretion of sodium ions. In loops of colon exposed to ST, similar effects were observed although net water secretion (-784 ± 114 nl•cm^-2•min^-1) was only partially reversed by butyrate (-318 ± 102 nl•cm^-2•min^-1). In contrast to butyrate, acetate and propionate did not influence changes in colonic fluxes of water and sodium induced by enterotoxins. Oxidation of butyrate and glucose was observed to be depressed in colonocytes pre-exposed to CT but not to ST. In this model, colonic secretion induced by enterotoxins is similar to that observed in the ileum but differs from ileal secretion in its modulation by luminal butyrate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

The Effects of Enterotoxins and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Water and Electrolyte Fluxes in Heal and Colonic Loops in vivo in the Rat

Ramakrishna

Nance

et al. 1990

Digestion

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“…In fact, the first comparison of SCFAs between species showed concentrations in the hind gut of the pig to be similar to those in the digestive fluid of herbivores. The pig is an omnivore, like humans, and a study in stoma patients confirmed high SCFA concentrations in effluent from those with sigmoid colostomy and lower in those with distal colostomy and in feces (2). This is consistent with SCFA uptake by the host and, by extension, his or her metabolism.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

“…This digestion is affected not by human enzymes but by the microbiota that degrade undigested dietary components and body secretions that pass through the ileocecal valve. The main fermentative substrates are the indigestible polysaccharides that constitute the greater part of total dietary fiber, whereas the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 2 acetate, propionate, and butyrate are important end products (1). Generally, SCFAs are formed in the order of acetate .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted delivery of short-chain fatty acids to the human large bowel

Topping

2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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The cecum and colon are an integral, but somewhat neglected, part of the human digestive system. This digestion is affected not by human enzymes but by the microbiota that degrade undigested dietary components and body secretions that pass through the ileocecal valve. The main fermentative substrates are the indigestible polysaccharides that constitute the greater part of total dietary fiber, whereas the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 2 acetate, propionate, and butyrate are important end products (1). Generally, SCFAs are formed in the order of acetate . propionate $ butyrate, the same as they are in ruminant and nonruminant obligate herbivores. The 2 SCFAs of greatest potential interest for their physiologic effects (propionate and butyrate) are formed in the lowest amounts, which is clearly important for health outcomes. The similarity of the fermentation and its products between (omnivorous) humans and herbivores is striking. In fact, the first comparison of SCFAs between species showed concentrations in the hind gut of the pig to be similar to those in the digestive fluid of herbivores. The pig is an omnivore, like humans, and a study in stoma patients confirmed high SCFA concentrations in effluent from those with sigmoid colostomy and lower in those with distal colostomy and in feces (2). This is consistent with SCFA uptake by the host and, by extension, his or her metabolism. A recent study in surgical patients showed this to be true when concentrations in the major blood vessels were measured, including the hepatic portal vein (3). Rectal infusion of butyrate failed to increase peripheral blood concentrations, consistent with metabolism by the viscera. This means that mixed venous SCFAs are not necessarily a precise measure of concentrations in the proximal large bowel and the hepatic portal vein.Although there is a body of knowledge of human large bowel SCFA production and metabolism, it is relatively underdeveloped. The obvious question is, why? Part of the reason lies in the technical difficulties of accessing the proximal large bowel (which is the site of production) and the hepatic portal vein (the main transport vessel). This has necessitated the use of model animal species. Another issue seems to lie in the history of the fiber hypothesis itself. The concept grew from early observations of the major differences in the disease risk profile and diets of African natives and Europeans living in the same location. On the basis of observation and not measurement, it appeared that the former ate more fiber than the latter, consistent with very low rates of diet-related diseases such as colorectal cancer in the natives, which explained their low risk of noncommunicable diseases quite conveniently. In this context, fiber was approximately equated to the plant's structural nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs), which are the main components of the feed of production animals such as sheep. Consequently, the assumption has become entrenched that NSPs are the active elements of fiber. In fact, the ethnic comparison...

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“…Studies in human surgical patients (42) and animals have shown that SCFA concentrations are highest in the proximal large bowel and decline on passage of the net digesta stream as a consequence of substrate depletion and uptake of the acids across the bowel wall. The limited availability of SCFAs (especially butyrate) in the distal colon is thought to contribute to the predominance of colorectal cancer in that region (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butyrate esterified to starch is released in the human gastrointestinal tract

Clarke¹,

Topping²,

Christophersen³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) maintain human colonic function and may help prevent colonic disease. A study with ileostomists showed that starches acylated with specific SCFAs largely survive passage through the small intestine, but the percentage released in the colon has not been established. Objective: The objective was to determine the percentage of ingested esterified butyrate released in the human gastrointestinal tract. Design: The study was a randomized, crossover, controlled trial consisting of baseline and four 2-wk periods during which 16 volunteers consumed diets low in resistant starch plus 20 and 40 g cooked high-amylose maize starch (HAMS: HAMS20 or HAMS40) or butyrylated HAMS (HAMSB20 or HAMSB40) daily. HAMSB20 contained 31.8 mmol esterified butyrate. Complete 48-h fecal collections were made on days 2-3 and 12-13 of each period. Results: Free fecal butyrate concentrations were higher after HAMSB40 than after HAMSB20 (P , 0.005) and HAMS (P , 0.0001) and higher than baseline data (P , 0.0001). Fecal esterified butyrate concentrations were highest in the HAMSB40 (days 12-13; P , 0.0001) group, and concentrations in the HAMSB40 (days 2-3) and HAMSB20 groups were higher than those in the HAMS groups and those at baseline (P , 0.0001). Ingestion of HAMSB20 and HAMSB40 resulted in the release of 26.8 6 1.0 and 50.2 6 2.4 mmol butyrate/d (days 12-13) (84.2 6 3.0% and 79.0 6 3.1% of total ingested esterified butyrate), respectively, in the gastrointestinal tract. By calculation, ;57.2% of ingested esterified butyrate was released in the colon. Microbial analysis showed that this release was probably facilitated mainly by Parabacteroides distasonis, which increased in abundance with HAMSB40 (days 12-13) (P , 0.001).Conclusions: This study shows that cooked butyrylated starch delivers esterified butyrate to the human colon effectively and has the potential to improve human bowel health. This trial is registered in the Australian Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN012606000398505.Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1276-83.

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Volatile fatty acids in the human intestine: Studies in surgical patients

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

The Effects of Enterotoxins and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Water and Electrolyte Fluxes in Heal and Colonic Loops in vivo in the Rat

The Effects of Enterotoxins and Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Water and Electrolyte Fluxes in Heal and Colonic Loops in vivo in the Rat

Targeted delivery of short-chain fatty acids to the human large bowel

Butyrate esterified to starch is released in the human gastrointestinal tract

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