Volatile nitrites. Use and adverse effects related to the current epidemic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Newell, Guy R.; Mansell, Peter W.A.; Spitz, Margaret R.; Reuben, James M.; Hersh, Evan M.

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(85)90288-8

Cited by 53 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…AIDS patients also often use other drugs such as marijuana, alcohol, and nicotine, which some investigators think are immunosuppressive (13,59,106,216). Thus, there is concern that abused drugs are serving as cofactors in AIDS progression and in alteration of susceptibility to other infectious diseases (63,73,124,161,164).…”

Section: Introduction and Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Infections, Immunomodulation, and Drugs of Abuse

2003

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The use of recreational drugs of abuse has generated serious health concerns. There is a long-recognized relationship between addictive drugs and increased levels of infections. Studies of the mechanisms of actions of these drugs became more urgent with the advent of AIDS and its correlation with abused substances. The nature and mechanisms of immunomodulation by marijuana, opiates, cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol are described in this review. Recent studies of the effects of opiates or marijuana on the immune system have demonstrated that they are receptor mediated, occurring both directly via specific receptors on immune cells and indirectly through similar receptors on cells of the nervous system. Findings are also discussed that demonstrate that cocaine and nicotine have similar immunomodulatory effects, which are also apparently receptor mediated. Finally, the nature and mechanisms of immunomodulation by alcohol are described. Although no specific alcohol receptors have been identified, it is widely recognized that alcohol enhances susceptibility to opportunistic microbes. The review covers recent studies of the effects of these drugs on immunity and on increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, including AIDS

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Section: Introduction and Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Infections, Immunomodulation, and Drugs of Abuse

2003

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“…59], (4) AIDS occurs on average 10 years after initiation of risk behavior, because it takes years of recreational drug consumption to cause disease [5,63,77], e.g.. 20 years of smoking to get lung cancer [78] or emphysema, or years of alcoholism to develop liver cirrhosis. The great variations in 'latent periods' from HIV to AIDS that currently aver age 10 years [10] are euphemisms for the time required by individuals to accumulate sufficient drug toxicity to gener ate AIDS diseases [5].…”

Section: The Drug-aids Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious AIDS – Stretching the Germ Theory Beyond Its Limits

Duesberg

1994

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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The hypothesis that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS was advanced in 1984, based only on circumstantial evidence. To this date, the primary evidence are correlations between the presence of antibody against HIV and AIDS. But these correlations are biased by proponents of the HIV hypothesis in favour of HIV. They ignore HIV-free AIDS and they base correlations on selected studies because there are no national HIV-AIDS statistics. The HIV-AIDS hypothesis has made the following predictions: (I) AIDS would ‘explode’ from the original risk groups into the general population via sexual transmission of HIV (2) Health care workers would contract AIDS from their patients, scientists from propagating HIV, and prostitutes from their clients. (3) The 150 chimpanzees that have been experimentally inoculated with HIV, and the 15,000 American hemophiliacs who have been iatrogenically inoculated before 1984, would develop AIDS. (4) Antiviral immunity and vaccines would protect against AIDS. (5) HIV would cause AIDS by killing T-cells. (6) AIDS would occur only in people infected by HIV. But none of these predictions proved to be correct. Recent studies show that HIV is a passenger virus instead of the cause of AIDS: (1) AIDS occurs at unpredictable intervals after infection; (2) HIV may be active, passive, or totally absent from otherwise identical AIDS cases. Indeed, AIDS does not meet one of the classical criteriy of infectious disease: (1) Equal distribution between the sexes; (2) disease following infection within days or weeks, the time microbes take to become either immunogenic or pathogenic or both; (3) the presence of a common active microbe. Therefore it is proposed that American and European AIDS is caused by the long-term consumption of recreational drugs and the anti-HIV drug AZT This hypothesis is testable and provides a rational basis for AIDS control.

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“…These observations suggested that some cofactor highly associated with gay lifestyle was operating in conjunction with HIV in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related KS. Nitrite inhalants were suggested as one possible factor (10,11,(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56).…”

Section: History and Clinical Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrite inhalants: history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS.

Haverkos

Kopstein

Wilson

et al. 1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Nitrite inhalants have been commonly abused substances in the United States. Nitrite inhalants and AIDS was a popular topic in the early 1980s, when the cause of AIDS was not known. With the discovery of HIV, concern about nitrite use in the USA waned. However, nitrite inhalant use is associated with behavioral relapse and HIV transmission among gay men, with decreased lymphocyte counts and natural killer cell activity in a few laboratory studies, and it remains a candidate cofactor in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Discouraging nitrite use continues to be a worthwhile public health goal.

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Volatile nitrites. Use and adverse effects related to the current epidemic of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Microbial Infections, Immunomodulation, and Drugs of Abuse

Microbial Infections, Immunomodulation, and Drugs of Abuse

Infectious AIDS – Stretching the Germ Theory Beyond Its Limits

Nitrite inhalants: history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS.

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