Volatile Organic Compounds in Air: Sources, Distribution, Exposure and Associated Illnesses in Children

Abstract

Background:Toxic volatile organic compounds (VOC), like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), are atmospheric pollutants representing a threat to human health. They are released into the environment from mobile sources in urban settings, but newly polluted areas are gaining importance in countries where accelerated industrialization is taking place in suburban or rural settings.Methods:The review includes studies done in Mexico and Latin-America and countries considered to have emerging economies and are compared with similar studies in developed countries. Data about environmental VOC levels and exposure of children have been included. Also, information about health effects was reviewed. Articles were searched in PubMed and Scopus, and information was also obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the EPAs Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS-EPA) and state reports on air quality of Mexican cities.Results:VOC or BTEX levels reported in industrial and suburban areas were found to be higher due to the burning of fossil fuels and waste emission; whereas, in big cities, VOC emissions were mainly due to mobile sources. Even though TEX levels were under reference values, benzene was found at levels several times over this value in cities and even higher in industrial zones. Elevated VOC emissions were also reported in cities with industrial development in their peripheral rural areas.Public health relevance:Industrial activities have changed the way of life of small towns, which previously had no concern about environmental pollution and chemicals. No air monitoring is done in these places where toxic chemicals are released into rivers and the atmosphere. This work demonstrates the need for environmental monitors to protect human life in suburban and rural areas where industrial growth occurs without planning and ecological or health protection, compromising the health of new generations beginning in fetal development.

Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review

“…There are also higher levels of PAHs and VOCs [18] in wildfire smoke compared to ambient pollution. Many of these are known to be carcinogenic, including benzo(a) pyrene, formaldehyde, and benzene [27,36,37]. Some research has also linked exposure to VOCs with wheezing [36].…”

“…Many of these are known to be carcinogenic, including benzo(a) pyrene, formaldehyde, and benzene [27,36,37]. Some research has also linked exposure to VOCs with wheezing [36]. Given that wildfire exposures are recurring, these exposures could have important implications for lifetime cancer risk.…”

Exploring Volatile Organic Compound Exposure and Its Association with Wheezing in Children under 36 Months: A Cross-Sectional Study in South Lisbon, Portugal

“…Some previous studies found indoor concentrations were much higher than outdoor concentrations for most VOCs [ 36 ]. Nevertheless, indoor exposure to VOCs may be more dependent on outdoor pollutants in temperate and warm latitudes, where building construction is generally less tight and doors and windows are opened more frequently, allowing for air exchange [ 37 , 38 ]. In fact, our data show that approximately 70% of the participants opened the bedroom window once or twice a day.…”

Formaldehyde, Oxidative Stress, and FeNO in Traffic Police Officers Working in Two Cities of Northern Italy

“…Due to their toxicological and/or carcinogenic properties, some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyls have increasingly gained attention in the international scientific community dealing with public health issues [1][2][3]. In the last decades, researchers, interested in non-communicable diseases and prevention, focused on the interaction between the aforementioned chemicals and human health, especially in preventive terms [4][5][6].…”