Volcanic Activity and Climatic Changes

Bryson, Reid A.; Goodman, Brian

doi:10.1126/science.207.4435.1041

Cited by 104 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…After more than a century, Humphreys [1913,1940] compared time series of volcanic eruptions with climate data and suggested that there was some relation between volcanic events and temperature records. Other studies [Miles and Gildersleeves, 1978;Bryson and Goodman, 1980] also showed this relationship but its significance varies with the specific data and method used. Mitchell [1961], on the other hand, conducted a "superposed epoch" analysis that averages the data from several eruptions to isolate the volcanic signal from other presumably random fluctuations.…”

Section: The Climatic Impact Of Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lamb [1970] published his Dust Veil Index (DVI), which has an extremely important influence on the modern study of the climatic impact of volcanic eruptions. Since then, improved data and more consistent reconstruction methods were developed to study the effects of volcanoes on climate [Lamb, 1977;Robock, 1978;Bryson and Goodman, 1980;Toon and Pollack, 1980;Lamb, 1983;Angell and Korshover, 1985;Robock, 1989Robock, , 1991]. The two big eruptions at the end of last century, i.e., the 1982 El Chichón eruption and the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, provide great opportunities to further broaden and deepen our understanding of this issue.…”

Section: The Climatic Impact Of Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models

Gao¹,

Robock²,

Ammann³

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

684

970

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This dissertation has investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by developing an ice core-based volcanic forcing index, using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. The extensive collection of ice core data reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores. This enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31-yr running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica, and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing index that is a function of month from 501 to 2000 CE, latitude in 10° bands, and height from 9 to 30 km at 0.5 km resolution. This index is the longest and iii most advanced volcanic forcing index of the type. It eliminates or minimizes many aspects of problems previous reconstruction had with the ice core records. The estimated uncertainty is a significant reduction from the factor of two uncertainty reported in previously constructed volcanic forcing indices.We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing index, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and the proxy records for the last millennium. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new index will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate.Using 33 ice core records we investigated the 15 th century Kuwae eruption. We found it was indeed a single-phase eruption occurred during late 1452 to early 1453 CE and it emitted about 140 Tg of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere with 2(SH):1(NH) hemispheric partitioning. This finding provides an important reference to evaluate and improve the dating of ice core records.iv My Contribution to the WorkThis dissertation work utilized ice core records from both Greenland and Antarctica to reconstruct a monthly and spatially dependent volcanic forcing index that is applicable to general circulation models. Dr. Alan Robock and Dr. Melissa Free developed the first ice-core-based volcanic forcing index (IVI) using multiple ice core records [Robock and Free, 1995]. With the recovery of large number of new ice cores, Dr.Robock and Dr. Caspar Ammann proposed to develop a new index utilizing all of the available ice cores. My primary contribution to the work was to collect and process the ice core records, identify the steps to reconstruct the index, search and decide the methodology involved in each steps through numerous communications with Dr. Robock and other scientists, write programs to reconstruct the index and repo...

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Section: The Climatic Impact Of Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Climatic Impact Of Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models

Gao¹,

Robock²,

Ammann³

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

684

970

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Since in polar ice is connected with the stratosphere's ionization it is reasonable to assume that the century-long cycle in stratospheric ionization advances the corresponding cycle in solar activity. Experimental estimation of the aerosol optical depth of the atmosphere, performed by Bryson and Goodman (1980) using data of 42 actinometrical stations situated within 25 0 -65 0 N belt, showed the presence of distinct multidecadal variation (Fig. 9).…”

Section: Cosmic Ray Flux and Terrestrial Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…www.intechopen.com Bryson and Goodman (1980) annually interpolated. Thin curve -raw data, thick curve -data smoothed by 11 years; B -gray curve -Wolf number smoothed by the Fourier filter (frequencies above 0.04 years -1 are suppressed), black curve -aerosol optical thickness of a stratosphere, smoothed by 11 years; C -gray curve -volcanic explosive index after smoothed by 25 years.…”

Section: Cosmic Ray Flux and Terrestrial Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Activity, Space Weather and the Earth’s Climate

Ogurtsov¹,

Lindholm²,

Jalkanen³

2012

Climate Variability - Some Aspects, Challenges and Prospects

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“…A large number of minor and trace gases are also found in volcanic emissions. These include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, halocarbons, organic compounds, and volatile metal chlorides (Bryson and Goodman, 1980). Fortes et al (2007) suggest methane gas, carbon monoxide and nitrogen as possible volatile volcanic gases candidates in Titan's magma.…”

Section: Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Volcanic Eruptions on Titan

Solomonidou¹,

Fortes²,

Kyriakopoulos³

2017

geosociety

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Observations by the Visual Infrared Spectrometer instrument (VIMS) aboard the Cassini mission haveindicated the possible presence of CO2 ice on the surface on Titan, in areas which exhibit highreflectance in specific spectral windows (McCord et al., 2008). Two of the bright spots of significanceare located within the Xanadu region – Tui Regio (located at 20°S, 130°W) and Hotei Regio (locatedat 26°S, 78°W), and there is a further spot situated in proximity to Omacatl Macula (Hayne et al.,2008). Explosive volcanic eruptions of a cryomagma containing H2O and CO2 are modelled forseveral potential scenarios regarding entrained CO2 clathrates. The model yielded a range of valuescorresponding to the fragmentation pressure in the lava conduit, the velocity of the explodingcryomagma, the height of the associated lava fountain and the potential distance covered by ejecta.The results show that a single vent source does not possess the force required to cover an arearesembling Hotei Regio or Tui Regio. Therefore, we consider alternative origins: the area may havebeen resurfaced by small CO2 grains resulting from multiple explosive eruptions emanating from azone of weakness (Hayne et al., 2008); the characteristics of the area are consequential of an eruptionof cryomagma with CO2 and NH3 components (McCord et al., 2008); or finally, long term seasonalwinds transferred small CO2 grains and distributed them within the limits of Tui Regio area.

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Volcanic Activity and Climatic Changes

Cited by 104 publications

References 18 publications

Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models

Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models

Solar Activity, Space Weather and the Earth’s Climate

Modelling of Volcanic Eruptions on Titan

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