Volcanic Emissions and Health

Weinstein, Philip; Horwell, Claire J.; Cook, Angus

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_10

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Changes to limnological variables have also been documented, including fluctuations to lakewater pH (Blong, 1984), increased inputs of silica and other nutrients (Barker et al, 2000) and the release of contaminants including Hg and other metals (Weinstein and Cook 2005). Previous research on sediment cores from the Andes of northern Patagonia, Argentina, has shown elevated Hg concentrations immediately above tephra layers, suggesting a link to volcanic sources (Guevara et al, 2010).…”

Section: Response To Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this deposit ultimately truncated our sediment record because we could not penetrate through it with our coring equipment, it provides an opportunity to assess the aquatic response to volcanic fallout. Investigating the aquatic response to volcanic eruptions is relevant as tephras can leach Hg and other elements into the surrounding environment, thereby affecting water and food supplies and ultimately human health (Weinstein and Cook 2005). In addition to metals and other elements, volcanic events can impact aquatic ecosystems by altering limnological properties including turbidity and light regimes, pH, silica, nutrients, and salinity (Barker et al, 2000, Blong 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the effects of climate and volcanism on diatom and chironomid assemblages in an Andean lake near Quito, Ecuador

et al. 2015

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Section: Response To Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the effects of climate and volcanism on diatom and chironomid assemblages in an Andean lake near Quito, Ecuador

et al. 2015

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“…The same was also true in 1783 when a volcanic eruption in Iceland had major effects on climate in Europe and in other areas of the world (1, 3, 4). Although eruptions are most often short‐lived, ashfall deposits remain in the environment for years up to decades, being redistributed by wind or by human activity (1, 3, 6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. A review

Guðmundsson¹

2010

Clinical Respiratory J

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Background and Aims: Volcano eruptions occur around the world and can have an impact on health in many ways both locally and on a global scale as a result of airborne dispersion of gases and ash or as impact on climate. In this review, a recent volcanic eruption in Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland is described and its effects on aviation around the globe and on respiratory health in those exposed to the volcanic ash in Iceland. Also, the effects of a large volcano eruption in Iceland in 1789 are described that also had effect on a global scale by causing air pollution. Methods and Results:The available studies reviewed here suggest that the acute and chronic health effects of volcanic ash depend on particle size (how much respirable), mineralogical composition (crystalline silica content) and the physicochemical properties of the surfaces of ash particles. These can vary between volcanoes and even between eruptions, making comparison difficult. Acute respiratory symptoms suggesting asthma and bronchitis have been well described. Exacerbations of pre-existing lung and heart disease are common after inhalation of volcanic ash. Limited information is available on increase in mortality from recent eruptions but historical evidence is well described. No long-term effects on lung function have been found after exposure to volcanic ash. There are concerns for the long-term risks of silicosis from chronic exposure to volcanic ash but no cases have been described. Conclusion: Acute respiratory symptoms after exposure to volcanic ash are well described but no long-term effects have been found. Please cite this paper as: Gudmundsson G. Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. A review. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 2-9.

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“…Carbon dioxide is also an inert asphyxiant gas if present in high concentrations in the air, and above 10 vol.% can be lethal (Blong, 1984;Weinstein and Cook, 2005). Several hundreds of deaths have been reported in volcanic and non-volcanic environments due to deep-derived CO 2 emissions (Hansell and Oppenheimer, 2004) and high CO 2 concentrations have been reported in buildings located on CO 2 anomalous zones (Baxter et al, 1999;Viveiros et al, 2009Viveiros et al, , 2016a.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)

Viveiros

Marcos²,

Faria

et al. 2017

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Azores archipelago is composed of nine volcanic islands located at the triple junction between the North American, Eurasian, and Nubian plates. Nowadays the volcanic activity in the archipelago is characterized by the presence of secondary manifestations of volcanism, such as hydrothermal fumaroles, thermal and cold CO 2 -rich springs as well as soil diffuse degassing areas, and low magnitude seismicity. Soil CO 2 degassing (concentration and flux) surveys have been performed at Pico, Faial, and São Jorge islands to identify possible diffuse degassing structures. Since the settlement of the Azores in the fifteenth Century these three islands were affected by seven onshore volcanic eruptions and at least six destructive earthquakes. These islands are crossed by numerous active tectonic structures with dominant WNW-ESE direction, and less abundant conjugate NNW-SSE trending faults. A total of 2,855 soil CO 2 concentration measurements have been carried out with values varying from 0 to 20.7 vol.%. Soil CO 2 flux measurements, using the accumulation chamber method, have also been performed at Pico and Faial islands in the summer of 2011 and values varied from absence of CO 2 to 339 g m −2 d −1 . The highest CO 2 emissions were recorded at Faial Island and were associated with the Pedro Miguel graben faults, which seem to control the CO 2 diffuse degassing and were interpreted as the pathways for the CO 2 ascending from deep reservoirs to the surface. At São Jorge Island, four main degassing zones have been identified at the intersection of faults or associated to WNW-ESE tectonic structures. Four diffuse degassing structures were identified at Pico Island essentially where different faults intersect. Pico geomorphology is dominated by a 2,351 m high central volcano that presents several steam emissions at its summit. These emissions are located along a NW-SE fault and the highest measured soil CO 2 concentration reached 7.6 vol.% with a maximum temperature of 77 • C. The diffuse degassing maps show that anomalous CO 2 degassing areas are controlled essentially by the tectonic structures and the lithology of the sites since the youngest volcanic systems are characterized by very low CO 2 emissions.

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Volcanic Emissions and Health

Cited by 23 publications

References 54 publications

Assessing the effects of climate and volcanism on diatom and chironomid assemblages in an Andean lake near Quito, Ecuador

Assessing the effects of climate and volcanism on diatom and chironomid assemblages in an Andean lake near Quito, Ecuador

Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. A review

Soil CO2 Degassing Path along Volcano-Tectonic Structures in the Pico-Faial-São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal)

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