Volcanic Hazards

doi:10.1029/sc001

Cited by 19 publications

References 224 publications

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Observing Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions with the autonomous NASA Volcano Sensor Web

et al. 2013

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Land Imager (ALI) on NASA's Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) spacecraft obtained an unprecedented sequence of 50 observation pairs of the eruptions at Fimmvörðuháls and Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. This high acquisition rate was possible only through the use of data flow streamlined by using the autonomously operating NASA Volcano Sensor Web (VSW). The VSW incorporates notifications of volcanic activity from multiple sources to retask EO-1 and process Hyperion data to extract eruption parameters from high spatial and spectral resolution visible and short-wavelength infrared data. Physical changes in eruption style and magnitude were charted as the eruptions ran their course. Rapid data downlink and automatic data-processing algorithms generated a variety of products which are compared with estimates from ground-based observations and post-eruption in situ measurements. Estimates of effusion rate from heat loss measurements underestimate actual effusion rate (while still following broad eruption rate trends) but are closer to in situ estimates for effusive eruptions (Fimmvörðuháls) than explosive, ash-rich eruptions (Eyjafjallajökull). During the later stages of the 2010 eruption, VSW-generated products were rapidly delivered to end-users in Iceland to aid in the assessment of risk and hazard. The success of the VSW led to Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) in situ sensors being incorporated into the VSW, and in May 2011 an IMO seismic alert autonomously triggered EO-1 observations of a new eruption at Grímsvötn volcano. Finally, the VSW demonstrates an autonomy-driven, multi-asset, spacecraft retasking and data processing system that maximizes science return, a desirable capability for future NASA missions.

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Observing Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions with the autonomous NASA Volcano Sensor Web

et al. 2013

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Seismotectonics

Hauksson

1991

Reviews of Geophysics

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A 110,000-Yr Record of Explosive Volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) Ice Core

et al. 1996

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The time series of volcanically produced sulfate from the GISP2 ice core is used to develop a continuous record of explosive volcanism over the past 110,000 yr. We identified ∼850 volcanic signals (700 of these from 110,000 to 9000 yr ago) with sulfate concentrations greater than that associated with historical eruptions from either equatorial or mid-latitude regions that are known to have perturbed global or Northern Hemisphere climate, respectively. This number is a minimum because decreasing sampling resolution with depth, source volcano location, variable circulation patterns at the time of the eruption, and post-depositional modification of the signal can result in an incomplete record. The largest and most abundant volcanic signals over the past 110,000 yr, even after accounting for lower sampling resolution in the earlier part of the record, occur between 17,000 and 6000 yr ago, during and following the last deglaciation. A second period of enhanced volcanism occurs 35,000–22,000 yr ago, leading up to and during the last glacial maximum. These findings further support a possible climate-forcing component in volcanism. Increased volcanism often occurs during stadial/interstadial transitions within the last glaciation, but this is not consistent over the entire cycle. Ages for some of the largest known eruptions 100,000–9000 yr ago closely correspond to individual sulfate peaks or groups of peaks in our record.

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Volcanic Hazards

Cited by 19 publications

References 224 publications

Observing Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions with the autonomous NASA Volcano Sensor Web

Observing Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruptions with the autonomous NASA Volcano Sensor Web

Seismotectonics

A 110,000-Yr Record of Explosive Volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) Ice Core

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