Volcano spreading and fault interaction influenced by rift zone intrusions: Insights from analogue experiments analyzed with digital image correlation technique

Corvec, Nicolas Le; Walter, Thomas R.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.006

Cited by 41 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…4, A.4), is novel for Mount St. Helens. Antithetic faults are known from other landslides, rollover anticlines, and experimental data (Le Corvec and Walter, 2009), hence supporting the fi nding at Mount St. Helens . In summary, the results of my work indicate that the Mount St. Helens rockslide avalanche was a more complex event than previously thought.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Structural architecture of the 1980 Mount St. Helens collapse: An analysis of the Rosenquist photo sequence using digital image correlation

Walter¹

2011

Geology

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The collapse of Mount St. Helens (United States) on 18 May 1980 is one of the only incidents of its kind that was visually witnessed and instrumentally recorded. Previous analyses determined that the northern fl ank of the mountain failed, which resulted in a rockslide, and disintegrated during its mobilization to form a blocky facies and hummocky terrain in the downslope region. Gary Rosenquist's iconic photographs of the initial 18 May collapse were here analyzed by using a modern photogrammetric method to track portions of the moving fl ank across the photographs in the sequence. Thirty years after the 1980 Mount St. Helens rockslide, the digital image correlation technique enabled a precise investigation of the associated displacement vectors and strain. A listric basal detachment and several associated faults at the lateral edge of the rockslide were identifi ed. In addition, the heterogeneous movements and a number of shear zones were detected within the sliding block, which had previously been assumed to be cohesive. The results of my study demonstrate the value of using optical images for strain analyses of active volcanoes-even decades after recording.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Structural architecture of the 1980 Mount St. Helens collapse: An analysis of the Rosenquist photo sequence using digital image correlation

Walter¹

2011

Geology

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“…Natural viscosity values are ill-constrained and range over several orders of magnitude. Therefore, the deformation velocity of analogue models cannot be directly compared with natural cases, but our approach focuses here on the structures associated with the deformation, which are controlled by the system geometry rather than the deformation velocity (Delcamp et al, 2008;Le Corvec and Walter, 2009).…”

Section: Methodology Experimental Material Setup and Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process was fi rst proposed by van Bemmelen (1949) and followed by Borgia et al (1992) to explain structures observed at natural volcanoes. Later, factors controlling the type of deformation were studied with analogue experiments, using silicone to simulate the viscous material deforming under the volcano load (e.g., Merle and Borgia, 1996;Delcamp et al, 2008;Le Corvec and Walter, 2009) and numerical models (e.g., van Wyk de Vries and Matela, 1998;Morgan and McGovern, 2005). Gravitational loading over a ductile layer is associated with radial spreading of the volcanic cone due to lateral fl ow of the underlying viscous material, such as clayey sediments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the viscous substratum is thicker, such as asthenospheric mantle material, thick sedimentary basins, or the crusts over long time spans, the cone tends to sag vertically into the substratum (see van Wyk de Vries and Matela, 1998). Evidence for deformation due to gravitational loading has now been recognized at many volcanoes, from strato-volcanoes (e.g., Borgia and van Wyk de Vries, 2003) to large terrestrial and planetary shields (e.g., Morgan and McGovern, 2005;Byrne et al, 2009;Le Corvec and Walter, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cross-sections are further complicated by the presence of viscous material in the model that cannot be consolidated (e.g., silicone, golden syrup). Experiments were also carried out in two-dimensional (2D) confi gurations against a transparent glass wall, enabling detailed characterization of the development of structures at depth during deformation using advanced image correlation techniques (e.g., Burchardt and Walter, 2009;Le Corvec and Walter, 2009). The 2D confi guration and the potential boundary effects, however, limit the capability to extrapolate these observations to 3D systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D imaging of volcano gravitational deformation by computerized X-ray micro-tomography

et al. 2010

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Analogue models are commonly used to gain insights into large-scale volcano-tectonic processes. Documenting model surface topography and the three-dimensional (3D) aspect of deformation structures remains the greatest challenge in understanding the simulated processes. Here we present the results of volcano analogue models imaged with an X-ray computerized micro-tomography (mu CT) system developed at the Ghent University Centre for Tomography (UGCT). Experiments simulate volcano deformation due to gravitational loading over a ductile layer, a process affecting many natural volcanoes built over a sedimentary substratum. Results show that mu CT is able to provide a 3D reconstruction of the model topography with unprecedented resolution. Virtual cross sections through reconstructed models enable us to map the main structures at depth and to document the deformation of the brittle-ductile interface due to contrasting X-ray attenuation. Results for lateral spreading and vertical sagging into thin and thick ductile layers, respectively, are illustrated for circular cones and elongated ridges. Results highlight structural patterns not seen in previous models, such as: 1) the 3D form of a polygonal brecciated zone at the center of spreading cones; 2) the complete lack of such a zone in sagging cones; and 3) relay structures between graben-bounding faults in spreading cones. In addition, detailed imaging of tension gashes and of the flexure surface below sagging cones enables the 3D strain distribution to be explored. Experiments with non-cohesive and low cohesion granular materials present striking differences in surface topography and fault characteristics. Despite limitations associated with the scan duration, mu CT reconstruction of analogue models appears a powerful tool for better understanding the complex 3D deformation associated with volcano-tectonic processes

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Experimental study of the interplay between magmatic rift intrusion and flank instability with application to the 2001 Mount Etna eruption

et al. 2014

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Mount Etna volcano is subject to transient magmatic intrusions and flank movement. The east flank of the edifice, in particular, is moving eastward and is dissected by the Timpe Fault System. The relationship of this eastward motion with intrusions and tectonic fault motion, however, remains poorly constrained. Here we explore this relationship by using analogue experiments that are designed to simulate magmatic rift intrusion, flank movement, and fault activity before, during, and after a magmatic intrusion episode. Using particle image velocimetry allows for a precise temporal and spatial analysis of the development and activity of fault systems. The results show that the occurrence of rift intrusion episodes has a direct effect on fault activity. In such a situation, fault activity may occur or may be hindered, depending on the interplay of fault displacement and flank acceleration in response to dike intrusion. Our results demonstrate that a complex interplay may exist between an active tectonic fault system and magmatically induced flank instability. Episodes of magmatic intrusion change the intensity pattern of horizontal flank displacements and may hinder or activate associated faults. We further compare our results with the GPS data of the Mount Etna 2001 eruption and intrusion. We find that syneruptive displacement rates at the Timpe Fault System have differed from the preeruptive or posteruptive periods, which shows a good agreement of both the experimental and the GPS data. Therefore, understanding the flank instability and flank stability at Mount Etna requires consideration of both tectonic and magmatic forcing.

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Volcano spreading and fault interaction influenced by rift zone intrusions: Insights from analogue experiments analyzed with digital image correlation technique

Cited by 41 publications

References 76 publications

Structural architecture of the 1980 Mount St. Helens collapse: An analysis of the Rosenquist photo sequence using digital image correlation

Structural architecture of the 1980 Mount St. Helens collapse: An analysis of the Rosenquist photo sequence using digital image correlation

3D imaging of volcano gravitational deformation by computerized X-ray micro-tomography

Experimental study of the interplay between magmatic rift intrusion and flank instability with application to the 2001 Mount Etna eruption

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