Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions

Loughlin, S. C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_39

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Twelve studies use multiple hazards as an umbrella term for approaches and methodologies that consider more than one hazard. Some scholars merge multiple hazards and cascading effects into one concept, by defining multiple hazards as more than one hazard and their interrelationships as well as their cascading effects in a given spatial region and temporal period (Gill and Malamud, 2016; Loughlin et al, 2018; Tilloy et al, 2019). Similarly, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction embeds cascading effects in the definition of multiple hazards (UNDRR, 2020, p. 53): ‘[m]ulti‐hazard means (1) the selection of multiple major hazards that the country faces, and (2) the specific contexts where hazardous events may occur simultaneously, cascadingly or cumulatively over time, and taking into account the potential interrelated effects’.…”

Section: Findings: From Concept To Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualising multiple hazards and cascading effects on critical infrastructures

et al. 2023

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Despite increased research on ‘multiple hazards’ and ‘cascading effects’, ambiguity remains concerning terminology. This paper reviews the literature to explore how these two concepts are defined in relation to critical infrastructures and their vital societal functions. Next, it investigates how the concepts are operationalised in Swedish disaster risk management. Findings indicate that regardless of a wealth of methodologies assessing multiple hazards and their cascading effects, these are rarely used by local planners, suggesting a gap between scientific approaches and practical implementation. Research mainly captures multiple hazards and cascading effects through technical parameters related to the severity of a hazard or the direct physical impacts on infrastructure. Less focus has been placed on the wider or knock‐on effects across sectors and how these translate into societal risk. Future research should move beyond traditional understandings of social vulnerabilities as only pre‐existing, to analyse how cascading effects on infrastructure and services can put new social groups at risk.

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Section: Findings: From Concept To Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualising multiple hazards and cascading effects on critical infrastructures

et al. 2023

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“…Volcanic hazards can lead to fatalities and widespread homelessness, while volcanic ash fall has a negative impact on health, infrastructure, transportation networks, and agriculture. It is estimated that in the 20th century, volcanic eruptions caused more than 90,000 fatalities and affected around 5.6 million people (Loughlin, 2013). The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland, a small-moderate volcanic hazard, caused disruption for around 10 million people and total loss of €3.9 billion (EC, 2014b).…”

Section: Volcanic Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investment in Disaster Risk Management in Europe Makes Economic Sense

2021

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Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 15 14 13 12 This work is the product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.

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“…Conversely, pyroclastic flows tend to form un-sorted thick deposits (ignimbrites) up to distances ranging from few to tens of km from the vent [6][7][8][9][10]. Tephras, i.e., loose pyroclastic materials of any origin [9,11,12] and lithified tephras labelled here volcanic-rich layers (VRL), can be the unique witnesses of dismantled volcanoes, erased by tectonic or erosive processes [9,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Finally, there are cryptotephras, i.e., sedimentary levels hosting volcanic materials [9,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thereby, both fall and flow deposits after their original sedimentation can remain undisturbed (primary tephra), or be subject to gravity or flow remobilization or may be affected by chemical alteration processes by exogenous sedimentary mechanisms, i.e., secondary tephras [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Under subaerial conditions these deposits are easily eroded, whereas in submarine settings they are frequently buried and preserved [8,16,[36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Volcanic-Rich Layer of the “Camporotondo (Marche, Italy)” Section: Petrography and Sedimentation of an Unknown Distal Messinian Eruption

et al. 2022

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A Messinian and lithified horizon enriched in volcanic particles with thicknesses of 170–180 cm crops in the Camporotondo (CR) section (Marche, Italy). This volcanic-rich layer (VRL) was investigated by field plus mesoscopic observations, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), bulk composition methods and electron-microprobe analysis (EMPA). The quantitative textural features of volcanic and sedimentary components were determined by 2D image analysis. The lowermost massive 70–80 cm portion is free of sedimentary structure or characterised only by plane-parallel ones, whereas the uppermost one is undulated and cross-laminated. The XRPD and SEM outcomes unveil that the VRL of CR is mainly composed of glassy shards (≥80 area%), a variable amount of sedimentary minerals (<20 area%) and a very low content of magmatic minerals (few area%). The bulk and micro-chemical attributes of volcanic and glassy materials are rhyolitic and almost identical to previous VRLs dated at 5.5 Ma (VRL-5.5). The signatures of immobile elements and the high amount of H2O present in the glass fraction suggest a provenance from a convergent geodynamic setting. The 2D image analysis on SEM observations show that the VRL-5.5 of CR is composed of very fine and sorted (averages of MZ of 5,72 and σi of 0,70), scarcely vesicular, glass shards, with similar long and short size dimensions, shape and roundness. The VRL-5.5 of CR is free of large minerals and fossils. The coupling of mesoscopic and microscopic determinations indicates that the lowermost interval was deposited such as a primary tephra, i.e., fallout pyroclasts sinking in seawater. Instead, the uppermost interval derives from local, low-energy and sin-depositional remobilisation of the same VRL-5.5. The textural attributes of the volcanic fractions, the sedimentological features and the thickness of the VRL at CR correspond to the westward deposit of a still unknown eruption likely occurred at 5.5 Ma.

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Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions

Cited by 5 publications

References 55 publications

Conceptualising multiple hazards and cascading effects on critical infrastructures

Conceptualising multiple hazards and cascading effects on critical infrastructures

Investment in Disaster Risk Management in Europe Makes Economic Sense

The Volcanic-Rich Layer of the “Camporotondo (Marche, Italy)” Section: Petrography and Sedimentation of an Unknown Distal Messinian Eruption

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