Voltammetric and amperometric sensors for determination of epinephrine: A short review (2013-2017)

Abstract

<p><span lang="EN-US">The present review focuses on voltammetric and amperometric methods applied for determination of epinephrine (EP) in last five years (2013-2017). Occurrence, role and biological importance of EP, as well as non-electrochemical methods for its assessment, are firstly reviewed. The electrochemical behavior of EP is then illustrated, followed by a description of the voltammetric and amperometric methods for EP content estimation in various media. Different methods for development of electrochemical sensors are reviewed, starting from unmodified electrodes to different composites incorporating carbon nanotubes, ionic liquids or various mediators. From this perspective, the interaction between functional groups of the sensor material and the analyte molecule is discussed, as it is essential for analytical characteristics obtained. The analytical performances of the voltammetric or amperometric chemical and biochemical sensors (linear range of analytical response, sensitivity, precision, stability, response time, etc.) are highlighted. Numerous applications of EP electrochemical sensors in fields like pharmaceutical or clinical analysis where EP represents a key analyte, are also presented.</span></p>

Selective Detection of Dopamine in the Presence of Uric Acid Using NiO Nanoparticles Decorated on Graphene Nanosheets Modified Screen‐printed Electrodes

“…Severalm ethods have been developedf or the determination of DA in biological systems. Amongt hem, electrochemical methodh as been drawn tremendous attention due to their high sensitivity, easy operation, and low-cost [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].H owever,amajor obstacle usually encountered in the detection of DA is the coexistence of UA in high relative concentrations.U Ai st he end product of purine metabolism in humansa nd its unusual concentration levels may lead to severald iseases such as hyperuricemia, gout and pneumonia [21].T herefore,t hese molecules are oxidizeda ta lmost the same potential at the traditional electrode resultingi nt he overlap of voltammetric response.T os olvet his problem, various chemically modified electrodes using carbon nanomaterials,m etal nanoparticles,m etal complexes and conducting polymers have been used for the simultaneous determinationo fD Aa nd UA.A lthought hesem odifiede lectrodes have shown improved sensitivity and selectivity compared with the traditional electrodes,t hey suffer from somei mpediment. For example,t hey do not exhibit ar eproducible area and as table behavior.T hus,i ti ss tille xtremely desired to explore novel electrode for simultaneous determinationo f DA and UA [22].…”

“…Since the determination of DA in biological systemsi si nstructive in the effective diagnosis of these degenerative diseases,i ti sc urrently the subject of attention in biologically oriented research [8][9][10].Severalm ethods have been developedf or the determination of DA in biological systems. Amongt hem, electrochemical methodh as been drawn tremendous attention due to their high sensitivity, easy operation, and low-cost [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].H owever,amajor obstacle usually encountered in the detection of DA is the coexistence of UA in high relative concentrations.U Ai st he end product of purine metabolism in humansa nd its unusual concentration levels may lead to severald iseases such as hyperuricemia, gout and pneumonia [21].T herefore,t hese molecules are oxidizeda ta lmost the same potential at the traditional electrode resultingi nt he overlap of voltammetric response.T os olvet his problem, various chemically modified electrodes using carbon nanomaterials,m etal nanoparticles,m etal complexes and conducting polymers have been used for the simultaneous determinationo fD Aa nd UA.A lthought hesem odifiede lectrodes have shown improved sensitivity and selectivity compared with the traditional electrodes,t hey suffer from somei mpediment. For example,t hey do not exhibit ar eproducible area and as table behavior.T hus,i ti ss tille xtremely desired to explore novel electrode for simultaneous determinationo f DA and UA [22].In recenty ears,s creen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have attracted considerable attention because they generally offer beneficial attributeso ver the traditional electrodes, such as they are inexpensive,r apid, reliable,s imple and capable of mass production which offert rue potential for application in electrochemicals ensing [23,24].B ut, the use of the SPEs for simultaneous determination of DA and UA has been rarely reported, since the unmodified SPEs are unable to discriminate signals of DA and UA.…”

Recent advances on the electrochemical transduction techniques for the biosensing of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments

“…The amperometry technique is based on the application of a constant potential to the WE and the measurement of the resultant electrical current over the time due to the faradaic reactions involving the electroactive analyte. 22 In the context of the detection of organic pollutants in wastewater, Ejeian et al, 23 affirmed that the amperometry is the most successful transduction mechanism of biosensors, which is possibly credited to the fact that in this technique the use of a specific potential is associated to a given analyte, minimizing the interference of other electroactive species on the electrochemical response of the biosensor and increasing its selectivity and sensitivity. 24 Gil and Melo 25 pointed out that the amperometric technique combined to the use of enzymes is the best option to the analysis of oxidizible drugs in the context of pharmaceutical analysis.…”

Copper oxide, ionic liquid and Mn(III) Salen modified carbon paste electrode as selective electrochemical sensor for determination of droxidopa in the presence of carbidopa

“…Orthophosphoric acid and the related salts that were above the pH range of 2.0-9.0 were used for preparing the buffer solutions. Ionic liquid (n-hexyl-3methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. CuO nanoparticles [50] and Mn (III) Salen [51] were synthesized as reported previously.…”