Voltammetric detection of phenol at platinum–polytyramine composite electrodes in acidic media

Non-enzymatic amperometric detection of phenol and catechol using nanoporous gold

“…Acidic medium is a kind of electrolyte commonly used in electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds since it could effectively prevent electrode deactivation due to polymeric contamination, especially in the processes employing non-enzymatic electrodes [25,26,47]. In this study, we also conducted investigation on Fig.…”

“…According to the literature [26,43,49], in acidic medium, during phenol oxidation, the formation of soluble products such as quinones are likely more favored while the formed polymers are more reactive thus leading to a slower electrode degradation than in neutral medium. In addition, the reaction rate of phenol electro-oxidation is expected to increase with reduced polymeric passivation and increased working voltage [50].…”

“…In the case of phenol, however, there are fewer reports on successful non-enzymatic detection, particularly in terms of amperometric sensing. Although good sensing performance for phenol were reported on boron doped diamond and platinum-polytyramine composite electrode under voltammetric mode, deactivation of these electrodes due to polymeric fouling could be a major problem and that is why these electrodes require acid electrolyte in order to minimize the effect of electrode degradation [25,26]. Overall, polymeric fouling is one of the main A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 obstacles that need to be addressed for practical applications in electro-analysis of phenols.…”

Determination of Phenol and Chlorophenols at Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode Using Flow Injection Amperometry

“…In the determination of phenol at bare glassy carbon electrodes (figure not shown) the oxidation peak decreased markedly with successive cycles due to the electrodeposition of nonconducting polymeric oxidation product of phenol as cited in the literature [23,35]. The response disappeared totally after the third cycle owing to the adsorption of phenol oxidation products followed by electrode fouling.…”

“…However, the high cost, the problem of immobilization process, low stability, and short operating time limit their practical application. Thus, modification of bare electrodes with nonbiological materials, such as conducting polymers, is an alternative to prevent electrode surface fouling [11,23]. Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, which is a relatively new and well-known conjugated polymer, has received relatively high attention because of its high electrical conductivity and excellent environmental stability.…”