“…Over the past two decades, chemically modied carbon paste electrodes 34 (CMCPEs) have attracted broad interest in biological and pharmaceutical sensing development due to low background current, wide range of potential window, easy surface renewal, lower detection limit, and low cost. Due to these advantages CMCPEs have been employed for several purposes, such as voltammetric determination of the herbicide propham, 35 electroanalytical determination of 4-chloro-3methylphenol, 36 electrochemical analysis of D-penicillamine (D-PA), stripping measurements of hydrogen peroxide, electrocatalytic determination of ascorbic acid etc. [37][38][39] An electroactive mediator needs to be of low relative molar mass, reversible, fast reacting, regenerated at low potential, pH independent, stable in both oxidized and reduced forms, unreactive with oxygen and non-toxic.…”