Voltammetric Lead Determination in Aviation Fuel Samples Using a Screen‐Printed Gold Electrode and Batch‐Injection Analysis

Abstract

This work presents the lead determination in aviation (bio)fuels using disposable screen‐printed gold electrodes (SPGEs) adapted on a batch‐injection cell associated with a micropipette for portable analysis. The method involves injections of 200 µL of sample or standard solutions at controlled dispensing rate (4.8 µL s−1) during deposition step (−550 mV for 90 s), followed by anodic‐stripping voltammetry. Either samples treated by sonication or dry‐ashing can be analyzed with detection limits of 0.0071 and 0.0008 µg g−1 Pb, respectively. A single SPGE can be applied for 60 consecutive measurements (or 120 for samples dry‐ashed). The ultrasound‐assisted treatment is faster, safer, and easily adapted for on‐site analyses, especially considering the portable characteristics of commercially‐available potentiostats and batch‐injection analysis cell using SPGEs.

An Overview of Recent Electroanalytical Applications Utilizing Screen‐Printed Electrodes Within Flow Systems

“…Polyester SPGE 0.06 0.08 0.05 4 [29] Pb 2 + Cu 2 + Hg(II) Biodiesel AuSPE 0.005 0.008 0.003 30 [82] Ciprofloxacin PF SPE modified with MWCNT 0.06 130 [83] Sildenafil PF SPE modified with GR 0.05 115 [84] Hg 2 + Biodiesel AuSPE 0.02 NR [85] Pb 2 + Aviation Fuel AuSPE 0.004 NR [86] Omeprazole PF SPE modified with MWCNT 0.009 120 [87] Corrosion inhibitors Ethanol, seawater and mineral oil SPGE 0.3 180 [88] Levamisole Levothyroxine PF SPCE or SPE modified with MWCNT Organic-resistant SPGE 0.14 0.10 170 150 [89] Nitrite Uric Acid Saliva, urine, and blood SPE modified with MWCNT 0.06 0.05 160 [90] Antioxidant capacity (DPPH) Edible oil Polyester SPGE 1.0 180 [91] [a] AF: analytical frequency (injections h À 1 ); LOD: limit of detection; PF: pharmaceutical formulation; PB: Prussian blue; GR: graphene; WE: working electrode. and selectivity) combine more with the characteristics of BIA systems.…”

“…The attractive features of the BIASPE system were also explored for the on-site determination of carbendazim, catechol and hydroquinone in tap water, [20] metals (Zn 2 + , Cd 2 + , Pb 2 + , Cu 2 + , and Hg 2 + ) in biodiesel samples, [85] glucose in artificial serum sample, [21] antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2, in biodiesel and jet-fuel using hydro-organic media as the supporting electrolyte, [26] lead in aviation fuel samples, [86] omeprazole in pharmaceutical samples, [87] corrosion inhibitors (2,5-dimercapto-1,3,5-thiadiazole) in fuel ethanol, seawater and mineral oil samples, [88] levamisole and sodium levothyroxine in pharmaceutical samples, [89] nitrite and uric acid in biological fluids (urine, plasma, saliva, and serum), [90] antioxidant capacity of edible oil samples, [91] benzocaine and tricaine in fish fillets, [92] and a robust electroanalytical system for detection of UVinduced DNA degradation. [93] Recently, Mendonça et al [94] reported a low-cost mechanized system fabricated using fused deposition modelling 3D-printing technology to perform injections on an electrochemical cell in wall-jet configuration (similar to a common BIA cell).…”

Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere

“…116 A similar study provided great promises for lead trace quantification in aviation (bio)fuel samples using SPAuE associated with anodic stripping voltammetry. 117 The continuous monitoring of a corrosion inhibitor was also demonstrated for ethanol, seawater, and mineral oil with rapid (180 analysis h −1 ) and precise (RSD < 3%) response, with a low LOD (0.3 μmol L −1 ) related to the analyses. 118 Amperometry has been utilized as the main detection method associated with BIA-SPE.…”

Nalytical Procedures for Determining Metals in Gasoline After Pre-Treatment Acid

“…Neste estudo, o pH da solução da amostra (1,4) foi ajustado para pH 2 com NaOH (1 mol.L -1 ), tendo em vista que a amostra, após a digestão, apresentou um pH muito baixo impossibilitando a determinação do íon cobre pela técnica VRA. O efeito da concentração sobre a corrente de pico mostrou uma relação linear no intervalo de 1x10 1 , com um coeficiente de correlação de 0,999.…”

“…A Figura 2 mostra os voltamogramas e a respectiva curva de adição padrão para a determinação voltamétric Gasolina Comum, onde se pode ver uma excelente performance em termos de resolução dos voltamogramas e sensibilidade (coeficientes angulares) das medidas. Neste estudo, o pH da solução da amostra (1,4) foi ajustado para pH 2 com NaOH vista que a amostra, após a digestão, apresentou um pH muito baixo impossibilitando a determinação do íon cobre pela técnica VRA. O efeito da concentração sobre a corrente de pico mostrou uma relação linear no intervalo de 1x10 -7 mol.L -1 a3x10 -7 mol.Lcom um coeficiente de correlação de 0,999.…”