“…Under these conditions, the concentration gradient is affected by electrolysis as well as permeation (18,24,25). Although this can be accounted for mathematically (39)(40)(41)(42)(43), electrochemical generation of the redox partner, Ru(bpy)33+, alters the permeation time as observed in our amperometric experiments. In fact, a difference in the permeation time between the first and second exposure to Ru(bpy)33+ is indication of charge transport via intermolecular electron exchange.…”