Voltammetric Studies on Vitamins D2 and D3 in Organic Solvents

Chan, Ya Yun; Yue, Yanni; Webster, Richard D.

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.133

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The solvent was either ethanol, acetonitrile (MeCN) or dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) with a supporting electrolyte (LiClO 4 ). 125,127,129,130 Ya et al 127 reported cyclic voltammetry of vitamin D. In Figure 24a, voltammetry is shown for vitamin D3; strikingly similar voltammetry for vitamin D2 is shown in Figure 24b. The oxidation peak occurs at 1.08 V vs Fc|Fc + (1.4-1.5 V vs NHE) in both The oxidation mechanism is characterized as oxidation of the triene to the diol.…”

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confidence: 66%

“…Characterization by cyclic voltammetry yields an EC i mechanism of an electron transfer followed by a fast, irreversible chemical step, see Figure 24. 125,127,129,130 After the initial cyclic voltammetric sweep, adsorption fouls the electrode and leads to diminution of the current on subsequent sweeps. 127,130 Electrochemical analyses used three electrodes: glassy carbon or Pt working electrode, Ag|AgCl reference electrode, and a Pt counter electrode.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The oxidation peak occurs at 1.08 V vs Fc|Fc + (1.4-1.5 V vs NHE) in both The oxidation mechanism is characterized as oxidation of the triene to the diol. (Scheme 5) 125,127,129,130 This is based on a comparison study of cholesterol that is structurally similar to vitamin D, but lacks a triene group and yields no CV signal. 125 Square wave voltammetric morphology are the same for vitamin D2 and D3, 127 consistent with a common site for oxidation in both vitamins.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(Scheme 5) 125,127,129,130 This is based on a comparison study of cholesterol that is structurally similar to vitamin D, but lacks a triene group and yields no CV signal. 125 Square wave voltammetric morphology are the same for vitamin D2 and D3, 127 consistent with a common site for oxidation in both vitamins. The product of the chemical oxidation for vitamin D yields an 1 H NMR spectrum similarly lacking a double bond between carbons 7 and 8 in Scheme 5, although no diol product was identified.…”

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Critical Review—Electrochemical Properties of 13 Vitamins: A Critical Review and Assessment

Lovander

Lyon

Parr

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Review of the literature on the currently recognized, thirteen vitamins yields an overview of the electrochemical properties that include estimates of the formal potentials at physiological pH and identification of the general classes of redox mechanisms. All vitamins are electroactive and map a range of formal potentials E 0 over a 3 V window. The vitamins are grouped as lipid soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C). Mechanisms are grouped as single electron transfer agents (B3, B7, B2, C, and D), vitamins that can be both oxidized and reduced (B1, B5, B6, B9, and E), and vitamins that undergo two successive, distinct reductions (B12 and K). Vitamin A voltammetry is uniquely complex. Plot of the formal potentials on a potential axis allows assessment of mechanistic paths to vitamin recycling, antioxidant behavior, pH dependence, electrochemical stability in air, acid, and water, electrochemical instability of vitamin pairs, and cooperative interactions between vitamins in medicine. The potential axis is shown as an effective tool for mapping thermodynamically complex interactions. By modern standards, the US federal government identifies 13 vitamins.3 The water soluble vitamins are vitamin C and the eight B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12). The lipid or fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The fat soluble vitamins can accumulate in the body whereas the water soluble vitamins do not. There are no current vitamins designated beyond E except for K because materials historically assigned the interposed letter designations either no longer fall under the modern definition of vitamin or several related materials were reclassified. Several vitamins exist in different but related chemical structures.Questions considered in this perspective include whether all vitamins are electroactive; what is the redox potential of the vitamins; what are the kinetics and mechanisms of vitamins on oxidation and reduction; when are vitamins antioxidants; are vitamins stable to water and oxygen; do vitamins interact cooperatively. Although papers are available on the electrochemistry and voltammetry of individual vitamins, no single resource summarizes the electrochemical data for all vitamins. This review compiles and critically assesses the available literature on vitamin voltammetry. The compiled data serve to develop perspective on the electrochemical properties of vitamins and the role of vitamins individually and collectively as electroactive species. This CRES 3 T review assimilates fundamentals of thermodynamics and estimated formal potentials, kinetics, and mechanisms as assessed voltammetrically for individual vitamins to provide perspective on the collective electrochemical properties of the thirteen vitamins. Perspective on vitamin electrochemical properties may contribute to assess yet more complex bioelectrochemical processes. * Electrochemical Society Student Member.* * Electrochemical Society Fellow. z E-mail: johna-leddy@uiowa.eduThe review contains two main sections....

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Critical Review—Electrochemical Properties of 13 Vitamins: A Critical Review and Assessment

Lovander

Lyon

Parr

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…CV measurements were done in the anodic potential range from +0.70 to +1.35 V. One oxidation peak was observed at around +1.03 V, with no peaks on the reverse scan (Figure ), indicating that the oxidation process is irreversible. Similar behaviour of cholecalciferol was observed by the other authors .…”

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Electrochemical Determination of Vitamin D₃ in Pharmaceutical Products by Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrode

et al. 2019

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A sensitive square‐wave voltammetry method was developed to determine cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in pharmaceutical products at boron‐doped diamond electrode as a working electrode. Vitamin D3 provided a well‐defined voltammetric peak at around +1.00 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 3.5 mol dm−3) in 0.02 mol dm−3 Britton‐Robinson buffer pH 5.0 prepared in 50 % ethanol. The influence of various factors such as type and pH of the supporting electrolyte, scan rate and square‐wave parameters were studied and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation peak current increased linearly with the concentration of vitamin D3 over the range of 2 to 200 μmol dm−3. The calculated limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.17 μmol dm−3 and 0.51 μmol dm−3, respectively. The boron‐doped diamond electrode exhibited specific recognition capability for cholecalciferol amongst possible interferences, and the determination of vitamin D3 was possible in samples such as commercial pharmaceutical products without complicated sample pretreatments.

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Electrochemical Study of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) in Acetonitrile

et al. 2014

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Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments revealed that at a Pt electrode, pyridoxine undergoes a one‐electron chemically irreversible oxidation at approximately 0.50 V versus Fc/Fc+, likely generating a dimeric product. Fouling of the electrode surface could be detected with repeated scans during CV and during preparative scale CPE oxidation experiments. These adsorption effects were overcome by performing bulk oxidation of pyridoxine with NOSbF6 as a chemical oxidant. At Pt electrodes, a cathodic wave associated with the reduction of pyridoxine was detected at approximately −1.60 V versus Fc/Fc+. The reduction process appeared to be chemically reversible on the shorter timeframe of CV, but not under the prolonged timescale of CPE. The reduction of pyridoxine involves a direct discharge of pyridoxine at the Pt surface, generating an oxide anion, which upon treatment with iodomethane yields N‐methylated pyridoxine rather than its O‐methylated analogue.

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Voltammetric Studies on Vitamins D2 and D3 in Organic Solvents

Cited by 17 publications

References 25 publications

Critical Review—Electrochemical Properties of 13 Vitamins: A Critical Review and Assessment

Critical Review—Electrochemical Properties of 13 Vitamins: A Critical Review and Assessment

Electrochemical Determination of Vitamin D₃ in Pharmaceutical Products by Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrode

Electrochemical Study of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) in Acetonitrile

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Voltammetric Studies on Vitamins D2 and D3 in Organic Solvents

Cited by 17 publications

References 25 publications

Critical Review—Electrochemical Properties of 13 Vitamins: A Critical Review and Assessment

Critical Review—Electrochemical Properties of 13 Vitamins: A Critical Review and Assessment

Electrochemical Determination of Vitamin D3 in Pharmaceutical Products by Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrode

Electrochemical Study of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in Acetonitrile

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Electrochemical Determination of Vitamin D₃ in Pharmaceutical Products by Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrode

Electrochemical Study of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) in Acetonitrile