Voltammetric study of triazole antifungal agent terconazole on sp3 and sp2 carbon-based electrode materials

Abstract

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A Simple Approach for Trace Voltammetrical Determination of Itraconazole an Inhibitor of the Cytochrome P-450 14 α-demethylase Enzyme in Formulation and Human Plasma Utilizing Graphene-Carbon Paste Electrode in Situ Modified with an Anionic Surfactant

“…Oxidation of neutral (basic) form of itraconazole (i) involves one-reversible electron transfer which gives a stable radical cation (aminium radical cation; iii). 64,67 Then, the fast reverse reduction of (iii) to itraconazole (i) gives rise to quasi-reversible redox pair (1 st peak). However, the irreversible oxidation of the protonated (acid) form (ii) can be regarded as ECE reaction pathway.…”

“…However, the irreversible oxidation of the protonated (acid) form (ii) can be regarded as ECE reaction pathway. 67 It involves first loosing of an electron and a proton to form a radical cation which stabilizes through deprotonation (chemical reaction step) and another one electron oxidation to form a quaternary Schiff base (protonated imine; iv).…”

Voltammetric Study of the Antihistamine Drug Bilastine: Anodic Characterization and Quantification Using a Reusable MWCNTs Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode

“…So, likewise that is claimed for other organic molecules containing nitrogen-atoms of tertiary amines as electroactive centers (for instance, molecules with a simple aliphatic tertiary amine group [22,23], as citalopram [24] and tramadol [21,25], or the particular cases of molecules with a piperazine ring [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] or a piperidine ring [33,34], like the bilastine itself, the anodic process observed for this molecule should also start through the loss of an electron from the nitrogen atom, from which results an aminium cation radical (I), that deprotonates to form a neutral radical (II) (Scheme 1). In its turn, this radical loses an electron in a subsequent step to form a quaternary Schiff base (III), which is rapidly hydrolysed producing a secondary amine (IV) and an aldehyde (V) [24,[26][27][28][29][30][31]33]. In pH conditions in which the starting nitrogen atom is not protonated, the bilastine undergoes probably a two-electron, two-proton anodic process.…”

Review—Electrochemical Sensors Used for the Determination of Some Antifungal Azoles

“…Electrochemical sensors used for the determination of terconazole.-Fischer and co-authors 49 proposed three sensors for terconazole's determination: oxygen terminated boron-doped diamond electrode (O-BDDE), GCE, and pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE).…”

“…For PGE, two linear concentration ranges were obtained: from 1.00 to 10.00 μmol l −1 and from 10.00 to 100.00 μmol l −1 with a 1.23 μmol l −1 LOD. 49 The best limits of detection for the assay of terconazole were achieved using the sensors based on O-BDDE and GCE, with the widest linear concentration range given by the sensor based on O-BDDE. In this case there is a need to develop new electrochemical sensors for the assay of terconazole with higher selectivity, and sensitivity, and wider linear concentration range.…”