Volumetric 3-D vector flow measurements using a 62+62 row-column addressed array

Holbek, Simon; Stuart, Matthias Bo; Jensen, Jørgen Arendt

doi:10.1109/ultsym.2017.8091700

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Previously [32] demonstrated that RCAs can provide 3-D velocity estimates along a single M-mode. With electronic steering and multiple transmit events across the entire volume, even the full TVI estimate could be found [33]. The velocity was estimated using the TO method by switching between rows and columns in transmit, but this posed a problem as a high number of transmit events were required.…”

Section: Velocity Estimation Using Rcasmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fast 3-D Velocity Estimation in 4-D Using a 62 + 62 Row–Column Addressed Array

Schou

Jorgensen

Beers³

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents an imaging scheme capable of estimating the full 3-D velocity vector field in a volume using rowcolumn addressed (RCA) arrays at a high volume rate. A 62+62 RCA array is employed with an interleaved synthetic aperture sequence. It contains repeated emissions with rows and columns interleaved with B-mode emissions. The sequence contains 80 emissions in total and can provide continuous volumetric data at a volume rate above 125 Hz. A transverse oscillation crosscorrelation estimator determines all three velocity components. The approach is investigated using Field II simulations and measurements using a specially built 3 MHz 62+62 RCA array connected to the SARUS experimental scanner. Both the B-mode and flow sequences have a penetration depth of 14 cm when measured on a tissue mimicking phantom (0.5 dB/[MHz•cm] attenuation). Simulations of a parabolic flow in a 12 mm diameter vessel at a depth of 30 mm, beam-to-flow angle of 90 • , and xyrotation of 45 • gave a standard deviation (SD) of (3.3, 3.4, 0.4)% and bias of (-3.3, -3.9, -0.1)%, for (v v v x x x , v v v y y y , v v v z z z ). Decreasing the beam-to-flow angle to 60 • gave a SD of (8.9, 9.1, 0.8)% and bias of (-7.6, -9.5, -7.2)%, showing a slight increase. Measurements were carried out using a similar setup, and pulsing at 2 kHz yielded comparable results at 90 • with a SD of (5.8, 5.5, 1.1)% and bias of (1.4, -6.4, 2.4)%. At 60 • the SD was (5.2, 4.7 1.2)% and bias (-4.6, 6.9, -7.4)%. Results from measurements across all tested settings showed a maximum SD of 6.8% and a maximum bias of 15.8%, for a peak velocity of 10 cm/s. A tissue mimicking phantom with a straight vessel was used to introduce clutter, tissue motion, and a pulsating flow. The pulsating velocity magnitude was estimated across 10 pulse periods and yielded an SD of 10.9%. The method was capable of estimating transverse flow components precisely, but underestimated the flow with small beam-to-flow angles. The sequence provided continuous data in both time and space throughout the volume, allowing for retrospective analysis of the flow. Moreover, B-mode planes can be selected retrospectively anywhere in the volume. This shows that tensor velocity imaging (full 3-D volumetric vector flow imaging) can be estimated in 4-D (x x x

show abstract

Section: Velocity Estimation Using Rcasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RCAs can be used in estimating vector flow in 3-D in either a plane [32], or expanding it to a volume [33] with steered emissions, both utilizing TO. This approach limits the volume rate, and B-mode images are difficult to achieve simultaneously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast 3-D Velocity Estimation in 4-D Using a 62 + 62 Row–Column Addressed Array

Schou

Jorgensen

Beers³

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The full 3D velocity vector is available in the intersection of these planes. The x and z velocity components are obtained in a volume by steering the beam in different directions using emissions by the rows, and the y and z components were measured similarly by steered column emissions [23]. The base emission sequence employed used 9 steered column emissions followed by 11 steered row emissions that were then repeated a number of times to provide continuous data.…”

Section: Row-column Addressed Arrays and Velocity Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Holbek et al, demonstrated 3D VFI in a plane [22] and in a volume [23] for stationary, laminar flow, but with a very low aliasing limit of a few cm/s in the axial direction. Schou et al [24] demonstrated volumetric 4D (3D+time) VFI without this aliasing limit by using a computationally very expensive synthetic aperture (SA) imaging sequence, making real-time implementation extremely difficult at best.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Volumetric Tensor Velocity Imaging with Low Computational Complexity Using a Row-Column Addressed Array

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method for volumetric Tensor Velocity Imaging employing row-column (RC) addressed array with low computational complexity is investigated in simulations. An interleaved and non-interleaved sliding aperture sequence with 11 rows and 11 columns emissions by a 62 + 62 RC addressed array was used. The 3D velocities were estimated by a transverse oscillation (TO) cross-correlation estimator. Parabolic profiles at six different orientations corresponding to combinations of 0, 45 degrees azimuth angles and 90, 75, 60 beam-to-flow angles were investigated with 5 kHz pulse repetition frequencies. The Field II simulations were performed at a depth of 30 mm with peak velocity of 0.3 m/s. Across all vessel orientations, the relative mean bias varied from 2.3% to −14.26%, and the relative standard deviation varied from 0.43% to 5.5%. The best and worst performance was found at beam to flow angles of 90 degrees with 0 degrees rotation angle and 60 degrees beam-to-flow angle with 45 degrees rotation angle respectively. Due to the low channel count of the RC array and the low computational complexity, real-time implementation is feasible on conventional ultrasound systems.

show abstract

“…Preliminary experimental results with a similar capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) demonstrated that 3-D vector flow in an M-mode setup could be obtained for a constant laminar flow [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental 3-D vector velocity estimation with row-column addressed arrays

Holbek

Stuart

Jensen

2016

2016 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS)

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-Experimental 3-D vector flow estimates obtained with a 62+62 2-D row-column (RC) array with integrated apodization are presented. A transverse oscillation (TO) velocity estimator is implemented on a 3.0 MHz RC array, to yield realtime 3-D vector flow in a cross-sectional scan plane at 750 frames per second. The method is validated in a straight-vessel phantom (Ø = 8 mm) connected to a flow pump capable of generating timevarying carotid waveforms. The out-of-plane velocity component perpendicular to the cross section of the vessel and the crosssectional area is used to estimate volumetric flow rates. The flow rate measured from five cycles is 2.3 mL/stroke ± 0.1 mL/stroke giving a negative 9.7% bias compared to the pump settings. It is concluded that 124 elements are sufficient to estimate 3-D vector flow, if they are positioned in a row-column wise manner.

show abstract

Volumetric 3-D vector flow measurements using a 62+62 row-column addressed array

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Fast 3-D Velocity Estimation in 4-D Using a 62 + 62 Row–Column Addressed Array

Fast 3-D Velocity Estimation in 4-D Using a 62 + 62 Row–Column Addressed Array

3D Volumetric Tensor Velocity Imaging with Low Computational Complexity Using a Row-Column Addressed Array

Experimental 3-D vector velocity estimation with row-column addressed arrays

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About