Vortex points localization problem in optical vortices interferometry

Generation of Optical Vortex Arrays Using Single-Element Reversed-Wavefront Folding Interferometer

“…Figure 2 is the interference pattern obtained from the experimental setup shown in Figure 1(a) in which we record the formation of optical vortex arrays (OVAs) using the interference of three plane waves. At the exit of CBS 4 as shown in the Figure 1(a), we obtain two optical vortex arrays International Journal of Optics (Figure 1(a)) is similar to the generation of vortex lattices by four or more plane waves as has been demonstrated previously using multiple beam interferometers [15][16][17].…”

“…Recently, there has been great interest for generating optical vortex arrays (OVAs) also called vortex lattices using multiple beam interference [15,16]. It has been demonstrated that when three or more plane waves overlap in space, complete destructive interference occurs on nodal lines, also called phase singularities or optical vortices leading to the generation of regular net of vortex lattices.…”

“…The system can generate multiple wavefronts, interferograms, and one can change the orientation, structure, and spatial carrier frequency of OVAs by means of changing the angle of the CBS. The first interferometric configuration as shown in Figure 1(a) requires less vibration isolation table in comparison to second interferometric configuration (Figure 1(b)) and precise control, adjustment, and alignment of multiple optical components which are an essential requirement in the existing systems for generating OVAs [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Interferometry with Vortices

“…A few localization methods have been specifically designed for the OVI. The most basic is the one which searches intensity minima [57]. When supported by modern image processing techniques, this minima method can result in precise vortex localization.…”

“…More precise methods require more than one interferogram, which means that the optical system must be stable [58]. The "triangle" method described in [57] requires four interferograms: A + B, A + C, B + C, and A + B + C, so the OVI must be equipped with fast shutters. The triangle methods result in a resolution twice as good as the minima method.…”