Vulcanization kinetics and reversion behavior of natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blend filled with nanodiamond – the role of sulfur curing system

Rabiei, Sima; Shojaei, Akbar

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.05.021

Cited by 99 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Rheometric cure curves at 160 °C for the compounds were obtained according to ASTM D 5289 [15,16]. From rheometric tests, the optimum vulcanization times (t90) were determined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compounds with NR tapped in April showed the highest processing times for the three clonal series. Differences in t90 and scorch time of clones could be related to changes in rubber plasticity and viscosity, due to the fact that of NR particles in latex are surrounded by a complex mixture of proteins, lipids, and fatty acids that can form long chains and interact with elastomer chains [16]. Another probable cause of variations is that drying and chewing are not rigorously controlled in small plantations.…”

Section: Properties Of Nr Sheets-based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Highly significant variations (p <0.01) among clones were observed for Shore A hardness and compression-set, however, this behavior was not found for the other mechanical properties. The difference in the way how mechanical properties varied is attributed to the role of activators, sulfur and accelerator on the mechanical properties of vulcanized NR [16].…”

Section: Properties Of Nr Sheets-based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation of technological properties of field natural rubber lattices from Hevea brasiliensis clones and natural rubber-based compounds

Vásquez¹,

Velásquez-Restrepo²

2017

DYNA

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Natural rubber (NR) is a widely used biopolymer, but the variability of its properties is a great disadvantage. In this work, variation during a 6-month period of total solids (TSC), dry rubber (DRC), ash, volatile-matter, and nitrogen content of field natural rubber (NR) lattices and mechanical properties of NR solid sheets-based compounds was studied. NR samples were collected from IAN 710, IAN 873 and FX 3864 clones of Hevea brasiliensis at a plantation within the state of Antioquia, Colombia. Rainfall, environmental temperature, relative humidity, and sunlight hours were daily registered. NR sheets-based compounds were manufactured and their rheometric and mechanical properties were measured. Significant variations (p<0.05) among clones and tappings for most of the measured properties were found. Leaf senescence was the phenological stage that presented the greatest influence on NR properties. Some recommendations to control the variation of properties of raw NR during manufacturing of rubber goods were stated.Keywords: Natural rubber; process control; variability in raw materials; rubber testing.Variación de las propiedades tecnológicas de látex de campo de caucho natural de variedades clonales de Hevea brasiliensis y de compuestos de caucho natural ResumenEl caucho natural (NR) es un biopolímero ampliamente usado, pero la variabilidad de sus propiedades es una gran desventaja. En este trabajo se estudió la variación del contenido de caucho seco (DRC), total de sólidos (TSC), cenizas, material volátil y nitrógeno de látex de campo de NR, así como de las propiedades mecánicas de compuestos basados en láminas sólidas de NR, evaluando muestras recolectadas durante 6 meses. Las muestras se obtuvieron de tres variedades clonales de Hevea brasiliensis -IAN 710, IAN 873 and FX 3864-cultivadas en una plantación en Antioquia, Colombia. En el cultivo donde se recolectó el látex se monitorearon diariamente pluviosidad, temperatura ambiente, humedad relativa y horas de sol. Se moldearon compuestos emplenado láminas de NR, determinando sus parámetros reométricos y sus propiedades mecánicas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.01) para la mayoría de las propiedades evaluadas como efecto de la variedad clonal y la época de recolección. La defoliación fue la etapa fenológica que presentó la mayor influencia sobre las propiedades del NR. Se presentan algunas recomendaciones para controlar la variación de las propiedades del NR durante la fabricación de artículos con este material.Palabras clave: caucho natural; control de procesos; variabilidad en materias primas; ensayos a cauchos.

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“…Rheometric cure curves at 160 °C for the compounds were obtained according to ASTM D 5289 [15,16]. From rheometric tests, the optimum vulcanization times (t90) were determined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Properties Of Nr Sheets-based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Properties Of Nr Sheets-based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Variation of technological properties of field natural rubber lattices from Hevea brasiliensis clones and natural rubber-based compounds

Vásquez¹,

Velásquez-Restrepo²

2017

DYNA

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“…Recent studies have shown that nanodiamonds (NDs) produced by a detonation process can be a suitable alternative for expensive carbon based materials in improving the mechanical and physical properties of polymers . This can be due to many interesting features of NDs such as a rich surface chemistry with various oxygen containing groups, high mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and good biocompatibility .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds

Hashemi

Shojaei

2017

Polymer International

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Unsaturated polyester/styrene (UP) resin was filled with nanodiamonds (NDs) containing carboxyl and methacrylate functionalities using mechanical mixing. Field emission SEM exhibited a uniform dispersion of tightly bound aggregates of nanosized spherical NDs with good interfacial interaction. Rheological measurements exhibited a step increment in the shear viscosity of a UP/ND suspension at 0.6 wt% ND resembling a percolation state at this loading. Shear viscosity data supported by dynamic mechanical analysis results suggested the development of effective ND particles in which ND aggregates were covered by only polyester macromolecules. Accordingly, the morphology of UP/ND composites approached a quasi‐percolation state at 0.6 wt% in which effective ND particles were connected thoroughly, instead of direct ND−ND contact, forming a co‐continuous polyester phase covering the ND particles. Based on such morphology, DSC and Fourier transform infrared analysis suggested the development of heterogeneous microgels in cured UP resin containing NDs which in turn governed the overall mechanical properties of the composites. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…CV system with a low ratio accelerator to sulfur is dominated by longer flexible polysulfidic crosslink and EV system with a high ratio of accelerator to sulfur mainly gives monosulfide. SEV system that accelerator to sulfur ratio is between CV and EV means the increase of accelerator to sulfur ratio and the shorter increase of monosulfidic and disulfidic crosslink (Rabiei & Shojaei, 2016). Sulfur connects with the molecular chain of rubber to form a crosslink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of vulcanization rate constant, crosslink density, and free sulfur content on carbon black flled EPDM

Setyorini¹,

Yuniari²

2017

MKKP

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Different ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composite with the carbon black (CB) variation of 50, 60, and 70 phr (per hundred rubbers) is compounded by using an efficient (EV), semi-efficient (SEV), and conventional (CV) sulfur vulcanization systems. This research aims to investigate the effect of vulcanization systems and carbon black content on the vulcanization rate constant, the crosslink density, and the free sulfur content. This research shows the EV system resulting in the fastest vulcanization rate constant (0.0191/second), the lowest overall crosslink density (0.0022 mol.cm -3 ), and the highest percentage of free sulfur content in the EPDM vulcanization (0.40 %). The CV system provides the slowest vulcanization rate constant (0.0061/second) and the highest overall crosslink density (0.0034 mol/cm -3 ). The percentage of free sulfur content in the EPDM vulcanization of CV system is between EV and SEV systems. The SEV system provides the vulcanization with the characteristic of vulcanization rate constant and overall crosslink density between EV and CV systems as well as provides the lowest percentage of free sulfur content (0.29 %). The higher carbon black loading in each vulcanization systems means the lower rate constant of vulcanization and the higher overall crosslink density.

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Vulcanization kinetics and reversion behavior of natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blend filled with nanodiamond – the role of sulfur curing system

Cited by 99 publications

References 45 publications

Variation of technological properties of field natural rubber lattices from Hevea brasiliensis clones and natural rubber-based compounds

Variation of technological properties of field natural rubber lattices from Hevea brasiliensis clones and natural rubber-based compounds

Morphology development and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin containing nanodiamonds

Determination of vulcanization rate constant, crosslink density, and free sulfur content on carbon black flled EPDM

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