VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER Vulcanization of Rubber

Fisher, Harry L.

doi:10.1021/ie50359a015

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The work of Geiger, Harris, Mizell, and co-workers (14,15,22) on wool has definitely established the disulfide cross link as an important factor in the development of the elasticity and strength of this protein. They detail an instructive comparison of wool with rubber.…”

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Sulfur Linkage in Vulcanized Rubbers

Selker¹,

Kemp²

1944

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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Hill, N. J. * •¥ Methyl iodide reaction at room temperature can be used to differentiate between mercaptan, sulfide, and disulfide sulfur in anhydrous systems? Mercaptans react slowly to give hydrogen iodide. Sulfides react ^QantitatiJ^ly in 1-3 days, but the product depends on the type of residue on the sulfur atom. Disulfides react very slowly; the sulfur-to-sulfur link is ruptured with liberation of free iodine. Mercuric iodide catalyzes the sulfide and disulfide reactions, making the former quantitative in 1 hour and the latter in 3 days. Pale crepe rubber or GR-S does not interfere chemically with the reactions. The reactions are presented here with a view to their use in the determination of the sulfur linkage in vulcanizates.

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confidence: 99%

Sulfur Linkage in Vulcanized Rubbers

Selker¹,

Kemp²

1944

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…Furthermore some of the reaction product of ZnDMDC, propylene, and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of sulfur may be nonvolatile and appear in the residue, as it also seems to do in column 3 of the numerical data in table 3 . Many workers have suggested a variety of ways in which hydrogen sulfide could play a part in vulcanization [ 7 – 9 , 11 , 13 – 15 , 18 – 21 , 23 – 28 , 30 – 41 , 48 – 51 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and accelerators with propylene and butadiene

Linnig¹,

Parks²,

Wall³

1961

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN. SECT. A.

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As part of a stud y o f vulcani zat ion, propylene as a model compound for natural r ubber has been reacted with sulfur alo ne, with hydrogen sulfide alone, a nd with each of t hese materials in t he prese nce of certain accelerators. Butadiene as a model compound for intermediate conj ugated systems found in vulca ni7-ed rubber by mea ns of infra red st udies has been similarly st udied. R esults of mass spectrometer analyses of t he volatile portions of t he reaction products indicate the formation of s ulfides, dis ulfides, and carbon-t o-carbon bon ds. Zin c dimethyl dithiocarbamat e (ZnDMDC), a vulcanization accelerator, faci litates t he formation of hydrogen sulfide from the olefin or diolefin in the prese nce of s u lfur, and in t urn promotes the reaction of h yd roge n sulfide with the olefin and diolefin. The ZnDMDC-accelerated r eaction of hydroge n s ulfide and s ulfur with the diolefin mav account for the reduced conj ugation observed in vulcanizates accelerated with ZnD MUC. Studi es with fr ee ra dical a ccelerators show that a m echani s m other than a free radical chain mechanism is invol ved in the formation of diisopropyl sulfide in the reaction of propyle ne with s ulfu r (or hydroD'en sulfidc) a nd certa in substances t hat facilitate t he reactions. The s ame co nclusion applies to the formation of a nonvolatile residu e in t he ZnD MDC-accelerated rea ction betwee n propyle ne a nd s ulfur. Other p hases of the reactions involve the format io ll of compounds from what ap pear to be f ree radical fragm ents of the origin al m olecule. In mos t of t he r eactions, appreciable portions of the reaction products are nonvolat ile.

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“…In terms of microstructure, the addition of sulfur is mainly through the introduction of polysulfide (C-S X -C), disulfide (C-S 2 -C), and monosulfide (C-S-C) bonds to form a spatial network structure, thereby improving the mechanical properties of rubber. [11][12][13] Obviously, the research on the structure-property relationship between the cross-linked structure and mechanical properties is particularly important for the design and development of SBR materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cross‐Linked Structures on Mechanical Properties of Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber via Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Macro Theory & Simulations

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Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is currently the main material for manufacturing passenger car tire treads due to excellent mechanical properties. The SBR is usually subjected to vulcanization treatment to improve the performance. This work uses molecular dynamics simulation to study the uniaxial stretching process of SBR with different cross-linking degrees, and analyzes the relationship between its molecular chain structures and mechanical properties. The results show that the cross-linked SBR model begins to deform plastically when the strain reaches 2.2, and there is no overall breaking within the limited deformation (≤4). Instead, it presents the characteristics of continuous partial breaking. Through the energy analysis, the deformation of the SBR system is mainly to overcome the energy required for the transformation of the non-oriented chain structure to the straight chain structure and the continuous stretching of the chain. In the cross-linked system, the increase in bond energy and bond angle energy associated with cross-linking dramatically increases the total energy of the system, thereby affecting the overall mechanical properties. In addition, temperature and strain rate have significant effects on the tensile properties of the cross-linked SBR system. Especially, the increase in the cross-linking degree reduces the temperature dependence of its stress-strain behavior.

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VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER Vulcanization of Rubber

Abstract: The early history of vulcanization and the beneficial changes wrought on rubber by Goodyear's famous process are reviewed. An outline is given of the methods used in vulcanization, the principal facts, and the theoretical considerations of the

Cited by 36 publications

References 18 publications

Sulfur Linkage in Vulcanized Rubbers

Sulfur Linkage in Vulcanized Rubbers

Reaction of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and accelerators with propylene and butadiene

Effect of Cross‐Linked Structures on Mechanical Properties of Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber via Molecular Dynamics Simulation

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