W/O/W multiple emulsions with diclofenac sodium

Design on MEMS-based 3D biochip for drug-released dispenser

“…Microscale behavior of fluids related to microfluidic examples, such as channels (capillary connections), mixers, valves, pumps and dosing devices has been driven considerable progress in the development of microsystems, particularly for chemical, biological, and medical applications (Seiler et al 1992;Yoon et al 1999). The lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology focuses on the development of hybrid devices, which integrate fluidic and electronic components onto the same chip (Khan et al 2002;Lindenstruth and Müller 2004;Thorsen et al 2001). They are devoted primarily to liquid sample testing and handling.…”

“…Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed systems that both oil in water and water in oil emulsion exists simultaneously (Khan et al 2002;Lindenstruth and Müller 2004). The ratio of these surfactants is important in achieving stable water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) and oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) type emulsions.…”

Water-In-Oil-In-Water Double Emulsions: An Excellent Delivery System for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Pidotimod in Rats

“…The use of different indicators, electrolytes such as MgSO 4 , 20 sugars such as glucose, 21 and dyes such as new coccine 22 enabled us to study the yield, release, and permeation of entrapped solutes in the emulsions. In addition, fluorescent probes such as 1,3,6,8, pyrenetetrasulfonic acid, 23 tetrasodium salt, some drugs such as diclofenac sodium 24 and dihydralazine 25 have also been used for formulation, stability, and release studies of W/O/W emulsions. Unfortunately, no pharmaceutical double emulsions have overcome the research phase and been marketed because powerful emulsifiers for these types of emulsion are only available in cosmetic grade and not in pharmaceutical grade.…”

Protective effect of drug delivery systems against the enzymatic degradation of dermally applied DNAzyme

“…Systems with an inner water phase (W/O, W/O/W) have been evaluated in respect of their encapsulation properties regarding to hydrophilic drugs such as the oligonucleotide DNAzyme. Due to their distinct structure and properties, multiple emulsions are in particular of interest for several drug delivery approaches, including carriers for the dermal application of encapsulated drugs in pharmaceutical products (Fukushima et al, 1987;Khopade and Jain, 1999;Lindenstruth and Muller, 2004;Schmidts et al, 2010), cosmetics (Tadros, 1992;Vasudevan and Naser, 2002) and the encapsulation of flavours in food (Garti and Benichou, 2004). The oil-in-water (O/W) systems microemulsions and submicron emulsions with the hydrophilic drug located in the outer water phase are well known for excellent dermal drug transport properties.…”