Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as indicators of abdominal obesity

Obesity is characterized by an abnormal increase in adipose tissue mass and is regarded as a neurobehavioral as well as a metabolic disorder. Increases in body fat are caused by even slight, long-term discrepancies between energy intake and energy expenditure. It is a chronic condition linked to the metabolic syndrome, a spectrum of risky conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. With a swiftly rising prevalence, obesity has emerged as a significant global health concern. Leptin influences the brain’s neuroendocrine and metabolic processes, which is important for maintaining energy homeostasis. White adipose tissue secretes the majority of leptin, and there is a positive correlation between leptin levels in the blood and body fat percentages. The central nervous system is also modulated by leptin levels to modify energy intake and usage. The idea of an obesity cure sparked excitement after it was discovered more than 25 years ago. However, the leptin medication only effectively reduces weight in patients with congenital leptin insufficiency and not in patients with typical obesity who may also have leptin resistance. Recent research has focused on the role of leptin in managing weight reduction and preventing “yo-yo dieting.” This review concentrates on the neurological effects of leptin with a focus on therapeutic and diagnostic applications, particularly for childhood obesity.

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The Impact of Obesity on Cardiovascular Fitness in Young Individuals

Radke¹,

Bargal²,

Sonawane³

2022

Cureus

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BackgroundYoung individuals are often at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and obesity due to lifestyle changes like less physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine cardiovascular fitness in young individuals and to study the effects of obesity on their cardiovascular fitness. Material and methodsIn this study, 100 young individuals, out of which 50 were individuals with obesity and 50 were controls, including males and females, of the age group 18-25 years were included. Cardiovascular fitness was assessed in them using body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Parameters like SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), PR (pulse rate), and HFI (Harvard fitness index) were measured. ResultsThere was no difference found in the PR of the group with obesity compared to the control group (79.020/min ± 8.651 versus 79.42/min ± 6.737; p value = 0.797). However, a significant increase was observed in both SBP and DBP amongst the group with obesity compared to the control group (SBP = 122.72 mmHg ± 12.287 versus 110.92 mmHg ± 11.803; p-value < 0.001, DBP = 81.96 mmHg ± 7.913 versus 73.24 mmHg ± 11.06; p-value < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in HFI in the group with obesity than in the control group (57.44% ± 9.322 versus 80.34% ± 12.594; p-value < 0.001). When we compared males with obesity and females with obesity, we observed a non-significant difference in PR between males with obesity and females with obesity (77.12/min ± 6.02 versus 80.92/min ± 10.44; p-value = 0.122). However, we found a significant increase in SBP in males with obesity compared to females with obesity (127.76 mmHg ± 10.93 versus 117.68 mmHg ± 11.66; p-value < 0.01). A significant decrease in DBP in males with obesity (78.80 mmHg ± 7.55 versus 85.12 mmHg ± 7.07; < 0.01) than in females with obesity was also observed. Along with a non-significant increase in HFI value in males with obesity compared to females with obesity (58.96% ± 8.14 versus 55.92% ± 10.31; p-value = 0.253). ConclusionResults suggest that both male and female young individuals with obesity are at higher risk for developing cardiovascular comorbidities in the future. So, we need to focus on encouraging activities that promote physical fitness.

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Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as indicators of abdominal obesity

Cited by 3 publications

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Determining the best method for evaluating obesity and the risk for non-communicable diseases in women of childbearing age by measuring the body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, A Body Shape Index, and hip index

Determining the best method for evaluating obesity and the risk for non-communicable diseases in women of childbearing age by measuring the body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, A Body Shape Index, and hip index

Neuroendocrinological and Clinical Aspects of Leptin

The Impact of Obesity on Cardiovascular Fitness in Young Individuals

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