Wakame and Nori in Restructured Meats Included in Cholesterol-enriched Diets Affect the Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Expressions and Activities in Wistar Rats

Abstract

The effects of diets including restructured meats (RM) containing Wakame or Nori on total liver glutathione status, and several antioxidant enzyme gene expressions and activities were tested. Six groups of ten male growing Wistar rats each were fed a mix of 85% AIN-93 M diet and 15% freeze-dried RM for 35 days. The control group (C) consumed control RM, the Wakame (W) and the Nori (N) groups, RM with 5% Wakame and 5% Nori, respectively. Animals on added cholesterol diets (CC, CW, and CN) consumed their corresponding basal diets added with cholesterol (2%) and cholic acid (0.4%). Alga and dietary cholesterol significantly interact (P < 0.002) influencing all enzyme expressions but not activities. The cholesterol supplement decreased most enzyme expression and activity. W-RM vs. C-RM increased (P < 0.05) expression of GPx, GR, Mn-SOD, and Cu,Zn-SOD and decreased that of catalase. N-RM vs. C-RM increased (P < 0.05) expression of catalase and Mn-SOD. GR activity increased in W-RM rats while SOD activity increased, but that of Se-GPx decreased in N animals. W-RM increased total and reduced glutathione and decreased the redox index. CN diet induced significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.001) than the CW diet. In conclusion, Nori-RM is a hypocholesterolemic food while Wakame-RM is an antioxidant food. This should be taken into account when including this kind of RM as potential functional foods in human.

Effects of Restructured Pork Containing <b><i>Himanthalia elongata</i></b> on Adipose Tissue Lipogenic and Lipolytic Enzyme Expression of Normo- and Hypercholesterolemic Rats

“…Similar data were found by including nori in meat diets [16]. The SS diet resulted in a smaller weight gain than the C diet.…”

“…180730 diet compounds were carefully mixed with the corresponding powered freeze-dried meat, passing the resulting mix three times through a sieve. The detailed composition of the diets tested is summarized in table 1 and has been published elsewhere [16]. …”

Brown Seaweeds for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases

“…This led to dishes with a greater fiber and n-3 PUFA content than conventional foods, thereby characterized by a better nutritional profile [ 144 ]. The incorporation of U. pinnatifida and H. elongata into several meat-based products (pork frankfurters, beef burgers, and restructured poultry steaks) reduced by 50% to 75% the NaCl content with respect to conventional products and improved the lipoprotein metabolism in animal models [ 133 , 134 , 137 , 138 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 ]. In a rat model of hypercholesterolemia, the introduction of H. elongata to pork meat was able to reduce the plasma cholesterol levels by upregulating glutathione reductase ( GR) ; superoxide dismutase ( SOD) ; and CYP7A1 , which is involved in cholesterol metabolism, and downregulating catalase ( CAT ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ), finally exerting anti-oxidant and hypocholesterolemic effects [ 133 ].…”

“…In a rat model of hypercholesterolemia, the introduction of H. elongata to pork meat was able to reduce the plasma cholesterol levels by upregulating glutathione reductase ( GR) ; superoxide dismutase ( SOD) ; and CYP7A1 , which is involved in cholesterol metabolism, and downregulating catalase ( CAT ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ), finally exerting anti-oxidant and hypocholesterolemic effects [ 133 ]. Accordingly, it has also been demonstrated that wakame-enriched restructured meats positively affected glutathione levels, increased the GR and SOD activity, thereby exerting an antioxidant effect [ 134 , 135 ].…”

Aqueous extracts and suspensions of restructured pork formulated with Undaria pinnatifida, Himanthalia elongata and Porphyra umbilicalis distinctly affect the in vitro α-glucosidase activity and glucose diffusion

“…They exert variable effects on rat cholesterolaemia and antioxidant status, which persist when included as functional ingredient in RP (Moreira et al, 2010) or other food matrices (Dawczynski, Schubert, & Jahreis, 2007). In recent years many studies provide evidence that marine seaweeds and their derivatives show potential antidiabetic properties and could help to partially replace hypoglycemic drugs (Lin & Liu, 2012;Pantidos, Boath, Lund, Conner, & McDougall, 2014).…”