Walking and Running Require Greater Effort from the Ankle than the Knee Extensor Muscles

Kulmala, Juha-Pekka; Korhonen, Mikko; Ruggiero, Luca; Kuitunen, Sami; Suominen, Harri; Heinonen, Ari; Mikkola, Aki; Avela, Janne

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001020

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…(), and the current study indicated that larger body mass of OF children may not provide an impetus for skeletal muscle growth as previously suggested (Bosco et al., ; Thorén et al., ). The MG supports activities of daily living (balance and walking) more so than the VL (Kulmala et al., ; Onambele et al., ); however, for the present study this did not translate to greater contractile tissue as the mCSA/mEI were similar for the NW and OF children.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Thus, the greater mCSAs for the MG and VL of the OF children was likely due to increases in non‐contractile tissue (intramuscular fat). The greater reliance on the MG during activities of daily living (Akima et al., ; Alkner & Tesch, ; Kulmala et al., ; Onambele et al., ; Trappe et al., ) did not serve as a mechanism that may increase mCSA/mEI or MUAP AMPS as observed following resistance training or chronic running (Dimmick et al., ; Pope et al., ; Sterczala, Miller, Trevino, Dimmick, & Herda, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research indicated that the plantar flexors make a significant contribution during postural stability (Onambele, Narici, & Maganaris, ) and greater relative effort during walking in comparison to the knee extensors (Kulmala et al., ). In addition, Alkner and Tesch () and Akima et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Muscle cross‐sectional area and motor unit properties of the medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis in normal weight and overfat children

Herda

Ryan

Kohlmeier

et al. 2020

Experimental Physiology

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This study examined the possible differences in muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), motor unit action potential amplitudes (MUAP AMPS ) and interspike intervals (ISIs) of the firing instances of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL) between normal weight (NW) and overfat (OF) children aged 7-10 years. Fourteen NW (age = 8.6 ± 1.1 years, BMI = 15.8 ± 1.4 kg m −2 ) and 12 OF (age = 8.8 ± 0.9 years, BMI = 21.8 ± 2.4 kg m −2 ) children performed isometric trapezoidal muscle actions at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction of the plantar flexors and knee extensors.Surface electromyography was recorded from the MG and VL and decomposed into the firing events of motor units (MUs). Statistical procedures were performed on the composite recruitment thresholds (RTs), ISIs and MUAP AMPS of recorded MUs collapsed across subjects and the y-intercepts and slopes calculated from each subject's ISI and MUAP AMP vs. RT relationships.Ultrasound was used to assess mCSA, echo intensity (mEI), and subcutaneous fat (sFAT) of the MG and VL. The OF had greater mCSAs, mEI and sFAT (P = 0.004-0.024), but there were no differences in mCSA when accounting for mEI for the MG (P = 0.506) and VL (P = 0.326). The NW children had significantly greater composite MUAP AMPS for the VL and MG (P < 0.001), but only significantly larger MUAP AMPS of the VL remained for the NW (P < 0.001) when subjects were matched for sFAT. There were no differences between groups for the ISI or MUAP AMP vs. RT relationships (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the OF children did not undergo significant muscle or MU hypertrophy that would be routinely activated during activities of daily living.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Muscle cross‐sectional area and motor unit properties of the medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis in normal weight and overfat children

Herda

Ryan

Kohlmeier

et al. 2020

Experimental Physiology

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“…Participants then performed a double‐limb vertical hopping task to a metronome sound set at a frequency of 2.0 Hz, which represents a common movement frequency for this movement task . Vertical hopping was chosen because it is an ankle dominant movement task, and more dynamic than walking such that it would elicit greater differences between MFM . After brief familiarization with the hopping task and frequency, participants hopped continuously for approximately 10 seconds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Vertical hopping was chosen because it is an ankle dominant movement task, and more dynamic than walking such that it would elicit greater differences between MFM. 20 After brief familiarization with the hopping task and frequency, participants hopped continuously for approximately 10 seconds. The three-dimensional (3D) positions of the markers were recorded with 14 motion capture cameras (Vicon 612; Vicon, Los Angeles, CA) at 100 Hz.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Number of Segments Within Musculoskeletal Foot Models Influences Ankle Kinematics and Strains of Ligaments and Muscles

Kim

Kipp

2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Multi‐segment foot models (MFMs) are becoming a common tool in musculoskeletal research on the ankle‐foot complex. The purpose of this study was to compare ankle joint kinematics as well as ligament and muscle strains that result from MFM with a different number of segments during vertical hopping. Ten participants were recruited and performed double‐limb vertical hops. Marker positions and ground reaction forces were collected. Two‐segment (2MFM), three‐segment (3MFM), and five‐segment MFM (5MFM) were used to calculate ankle kinematics and the strains of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments and of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Ranges of motion and peak strains were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc tests, whereas the time‐series of the ankle kinematics and ligament and muscle strains were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping. There were significant main effects for MFM in the talocrural joint range of motion and peak strains of ligaments and muscles. In addition, there were significant main effects for MFM in time‐series data of the talocrural joint angle as well as for ligament and muscle strains. In all cases, the post hoc analyses showed that the 2MFM consistently overestimated the range of motion and tissue strains compared to the 3MFM and 5MFM, while 3MFM and 5MFM did not differ from each other in the most variables. This study showed that the number of segments in MFM significantly affects the biomechanical estimates of joint kinematics and tissue strains during hopping. Clinical significance: MFM that combine all foot structures beyond the talus into one segment likely overestimate ankle joint biomechanics. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2231–2240, 2019

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Anatomical Description and Its Limitations

Knudson

2021

Fundamentals of Biomechanics

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Walking and Running Require Greater Effort from the Ankle than the Knee Extensor Muscles

Cited by 41 publications

References 49 publications

Muscle cross‐sectional area and motor unit properties of the medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis in normal weight and overfat children

Muscle cross‐sectional area and motor unit properties of the medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis in normal weight and overfat children

Number of Segments Within Musculoskeletal Foot Models Influences Ankle Kinematics and Strains of Ligaments and Muscles

Anatomical Description and Its Limitations

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