Wall Flames and Implications for Upward Flame Spread

Quintiere, James G.; Harkleroad, Margaret; Hasemi, Yuji

doi:10.1080/00102208608923893

Cited by 137 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Larger experiments by others [52,53] agree with the 2 3 � turbulent correlation while smaller scale studies, such as those presented here, often scale with unity [29]. A correlation performed by Tsai and Drysdale was recently submitted from a similar experiment, in which flame heights from a vertical sample of PMMA were investigated [29].…”

Section: Comparison To a Relevant Flame Height Correlationmentioning

confidence: 48%

Upward flame spread over discrete fuels

Miller

Gollner

2015

Fire Safety Journal

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Upward flame spread over discrete fuels has been analyzed through experimental research on vertical arrays of alternating lengths of PMMA and insulation. By manipulating the lengths of the PMMA fuel and the insulation, several important trends related to flame spread were identified and assessed.The peak flame spread rate for arrays with 4 cm lengths of PMMA occurred at a fuel percentage of 67%; for arrays with 8 cm PMMA, a peak flame spread rate occurred at fuel percentages of 67%, 80%, and 89%. It has been hypothesized that increased air entrainment at these fuel percentages maximizes the flame spread rate.Based on observed trends, this study proposed a method for approximation of the fuel spread rate at various fuel percentages. Given reasonable estimates for the homogeneous flame spread rate and the lowest fuel percentage that sustains spread, an estimation for intermediate spread rate values is feasible.

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Section: Comparison To a Relevant Flame Height Correlationmentioning

confidence: 48%

Upward flame spread over discrete fuels

Miller

Gollner

2015

Fire Safety Journal

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“…The flame height for upward flame spread may be predicted from Eq. 1 [8][9][10][11][12], which suggests that the H is a function of  m /W and can be represented by the following power law function,…”

Section: Average Maximum Flame Height (H)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sample Width and Sidewalls on Downward Flame Spread over XPS Slabs

An¹,

Xiao²,

Sun³

et al. 2014

Fire Saf. Sci.

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To study the effects of sample width and sidewalls on downward flame spread over extruded polystyrene (XPS) slabs, a series of laboratory-scale experiments were conducted. Flame shape, flame spread rate, mass loss rate and temperature were recorded. For XPS without sidewalls, the average maximum flame height (H) and average flame area per unit of width (A/w) rise linearly with an increase in sample width (w) and mass loss rate per unit of width. When sidewalls are absent, flame spread rate first drops and then rises with an increase in width. This trend is determined by gas-phase heat transfer. When sidewalls are present, flame spread rate increases with a rise in width, and solid-phase heat conduction determines the trend. Sidewall effects are comprised of four aspects: oxygen concentration near the sidewalls and gypsum board is low, which leads to reduced flame heat flux; upward and front air flow is intensified; the flame is stretched, and the surface flame is weakened; and molten XPS mass decreases. For narrow samples, H and A/w with sidewalls are higher than those without sidewalls, while the reverse was observed in wider samples. The mass loss rate, preheating length and average flame spread rate with sidewalls are smaller than those obtained without sidewalls. Flame spread acceleration with sidewalls occurs at a broader width than that without sidewalls. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis.

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“…Since eqs (11) and (12) It should be mentioned that the wood shown here and all other samples were tested under laboratory temperature and humidity that remained fairly constant at 20 'C and 50% RH so that changes in results due to wide variations in moisture content have been minimized. Table I of Douglas fir particle board in a vertical These results might be explained in terms of kpc increasing with temperature and by overestimating the Ti, with then influences h in eq (15). These variations in kpc and Tig should be considered acceptable for assessing ignition and subsequently flame spread when the empirical procedure is compared to the difficulty of measuring Tig directly especially for complex materials.…”

Section: I=f~q)= Bvt Tct*)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(15) Thus, kpc can be derived. The ignition data analysis yields the two effective properties, kpc and Tis, for a material.…”

Section: I=f~q)= Bvt Tct*)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of flame spread theory to predict material performance

Quintiere¹

1988

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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A review is presented of recent work which attempts to apply flame spread theories to a wide range of materials. The approach is based on using the theories to develop correlations from material data. The data are derived from small scale tests and are expressed in terms of "properties." Various radiant heating apparatus are discussed, and a wide range of results are presented. The focus of the application is fire spread on walls.

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Wall Flames and Implications for Upward Flame Spread

Cited by 137 publications

References 12 publications

Upward flame spread over discrete fuels

Upward flame spread over discrete fuels

Effects of Sample Width and Sidewalls on Downward Flame Spread over XPS Slabs

The application of flame spread theory to predict material performance

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