Wars between democracies: Rare, or nonexistent?

Democracy and civil war: A note on the democratic peace proposition

“…We test this hypothesis on internal wars in Tables IV and V. We find that the Cold War does not affect the hypothesized relationship between regime type and civil war. 9 While two democracies have never clashed in international warfare (Ray, 1993;, civil war is not totally absent in democracies. However, we find that regime type powerfully affects civil war participation.…”

Terrorism and democratic states: Soft targets or accessible systems

“…The most important operationalization in this study is the selection of an 'indicator for regime type. States are coded as either democratic or not f democratic based on their status on three criteria as defined by Ray (1993Ray ( , 1995. First, two or more different, formally independent political parties must offer candidates for election.…”

Why Democracies Cooperate More and Fight Less: The Relationship Between International Trade and Cooperation

“…These studies include Moaz and Abdolali (1989), Levy (1989), Morgan and Campbell (1991), Morgan and Schwebach (1991), Siverson and Emmons (1991), Ray (1992), Ember et al (1992), Bremer (1992aBremer ( , 1992b, Russett and Antholis (1992), Moaz and Russett (1993), Bremer (1993), and Farber and Gowa (1994). Noteworthy among these studies is the consistency of the findings; so much so that Levy (1989, p. 270) called the "democracies rarely fight" phenomena a "law," and Bremer indicated that a panel of leading political scientists "gave unanimous support to the proposition" (Bremer, 1992b, p. 1).…”