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An entirely new sample design and a state-of-the-art data collection methodology were implemented with the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The sample design changed from a national, stratified, multistage, area probability sample to a 50-State design, with independent stratified, multistage, area probability samples selected in each State. The sample size increased from about 25,500 interviews in 1998 to about 67,000 interviews in 1999. For the first time in NHSDA history, the 1999 survey administered the interview using computer-assisted interviewing (CAI) technology exclusively, including both computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI). 10 | WRIGHT, BARKER, GFROERER, AND PIPER The 1999 NHSDA fully employed another technological innovation: use of a hand-held computer at each sample dwelling unit to conduct household screening and to select the sample person(s) for the interview. With this new design, technology, and markedly increased sample size, the structure of the data collection staff also had to be modified significantly for 1999. This chapter presents details of these changes. 2.1 Sample Design for State-Level Estimates Since 1991, the NHSDA target population has been the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older living in the United States. Excluded from the sample were the homeless who never use shelters, active military personnel, and residents of institutional group quarters, such as jails and long-term hospitals. This target population remained the same in the 1999 NSHDA. To provide State-representative estimates using newly designed survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation methodology, it was necessary to change from a national sample design to one that provided a representative sample in each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia. 2.1.1 Old Design Prior to 1999, the NHSDA sample was generally a national, stratified, multistage, area probability sample. The building blocks for the sampling frame were counties or groups of counties called primary sampling units (PSUs). A number of these PSUs were selected with certainty, and the remainder were placed into strata and sampled to provide a representative national sample. The sample PSUs selected prior to 1999 fell primarily into densely populated metropolitan areas across the nation. Typically, about 40 States had sample cases in any given year.

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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are valuable data collection tools: they can carry a payload of sensors such as highresolution cameras, infrared sensors, and air-quality monitors, and they are inexpensive and easy to operate. UAS are already used to collect data on plants and animals. 1-3 They may soon deliver packages to our homes. 4 As they become more common, UAS will observe many things about our lives, such as traffic patterns and uses of green space.We believe that the extension of UAS into survey data collection is only a matter of time. Researchers should think carefully about the role that UAS might play in survey data collection and conduct tests of some of these approaches where and when possible. We can then be prepared to deploy UASbased solutions in survey research as the legal and cultural climate permits. In this brief, we discuss three potential applications of UAS technology in survey data collection: (1) supplementing survey data with photo and sensor data; (2) bringing survey-capable devices to respondents; and (3) detecting and enumerating housing units for sample selection. We have previously presented some of these ideas at conferences and gather them in this brief to spark wider discussions.

This is the first in a two-part series on interagency coordination that looks, in particular, at the response to the 2005 London bombings. In the next issue of the NIJ Journal, we will look further at challenges faced by British agencies in responding to the attacks and lessons that may be learned from them. O n July 7, 2005, at approxmately 8:50 a.m., a seres of bombs exploded on three London Underground trans. One hour later, a fourth bomb exploded on the upper deck of a bus n Tavstock Square. The attacks-the work of four sucde bombers-marked the deadlest bombngs n London snce World War II and the frst sucde attacks n modern Western Europe.