Warts in primary schoolchildren: prevalence and relation with environmental factors

Haalen, Femke M van; Bruggink, Sjoerd; Gussekloo, Jacobijn; Assendelft, W.J.J.; Eekhof, Just

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09160.x

Cited by 136 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Coming from a large family was associated with an increased risk of contracting warts, although this was not statistically significant. Similar findings have been reported by other studies [19], as well as an increased risk for children living in lower social classes [19,22]. In large families and in families of low social class, overcrowding and poor personal hygiene, as well as sharing clothing, may play a role in the transmission of such infectious skin diseases [19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A large cross-sectional study involving 1,465 primary school children from four Dutch primary schools aged 4-12 years found no effect of visiting swimming pools on the risk of warts. The authors concluded that public showers or swimming pool visits were not related to the presence of warts [22]. In contrast with these findings, a recent study conducted in El-Dakahlia rural area, Egypt [25], reported a significant risk of developing warts to be associated with swimming in channels of the Nile River, with an adjusted OR of 5.6 (95% CI=2.9-10.6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Worldwide, there have been several studies on the prevalence of cutaneous warts among school children, showing a prevalence varying from 2.4% to 33% [6,7]. Several studies have revealed risk factors for the children and adolescents who contract warts that include low social class, practicing gymnastics and sports, taking part in work, a large family size, and keeping household animals [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Verruca Vulgaris among Primary School Children in Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Allayali¹,

Fallatah²,

Alorfi³

et al. 2017

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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Skin diseases are common contributors to disease morbidity worldwide, particularly among school children. Although skin diseases are rarely lethal, they can have a significant impact in terms of treatment cost, absence from school, and psychological distress. Verruca vulgaris (cutaneous warts) is a common skin problem in children that commonly affects the hands and feet.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of warts among primary school children in Saudi Arabia to compare characteristics between children with and those without warts and to investigate the possible risk factors associated with the development of warts.Method: This school-based, cross-sectional study conducted among primary school children in the cities of Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia included 730 children, 298 males and 432 females, with mean age 11.2 ± 1.5 years from 15 randomly chosen public and private primary schools: eight public schools (four boys' and four girls') and two private schools (one boys' and one girls' school) from Madinah and five girls' schools from Jeddah (four public and one private). We collected data via interviews and a questionnaire and through the examination of each child's hands, feet, head, and neck for warts. Results:Our results showed that the prevalence of warts was 9.04%. Approximately 65% of the children with warts were boys. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of the children were found to have acute diseases. Boys and girls significantly differed regarding de novo and recurrent warts, with a higher proportion of de novo warts observed in boys. Boys tended to have a greater number of warts than girls, with the warts being smaller in size and persisting for longer durations, although these differences were not statistically significant. Risk factors were shown to be male sex, attending a public school, a large family size, smoking, working, sports activities, and handling domestic and farm animals at home. Having a highly-educated father appeared to reduce the risk. Conclusion:This study revealed a high prevalence of warts among primary school children in Madinah and Jeddah and elucidated the risk factors for the development of warts. This may help in the development of effective health messages about methods for preventing skin diseases. Keywords: Human papilloma virus; Plane warts; Verruca vulgaris Aim and ObjectivesAim: The aim of this study was to provide recent and valuable information about the epidemiology of verruca vulgaris among primary school children in Madinah and Jeddah. The information obtained will help to fill a gap in Saudi medical literature concerning this common skin disorder among school children and to tailor a health education program to combat it.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of warts among primary school children.To compare the characteristics of the participating children between those with and those without common warts.To investigate the possible risk factors associated with the development of warts among children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Verruca Vulgaris among Primary School Children in Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Allayali¹,

Fallatah²,

Alorfi³

et al. 2017

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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“…12 En un estudio reciente realizado en nuestro país con niños que asistían a la escuela primaria se reveló una prevalencia del 10,9%. 13 Así cobran relevancia las medidas preventivas contra la transmisión del VPH.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Epidemiología de dermatosis pediátricas en la región centro-occidental de Anatolia en Turquía

2014

Arch Argent Pediat

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“…Verrucae vulgaris, commonly referred to as common warts, have a high prevalence of 3%–13% in the general population and up to 33% in primary school children 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…”

Section: Short Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical ionic contra‐viral therapy comprised of digoxin and furosemide as a potential novel treatment approach for common warts

Kolk

Dillingh

Rijneveld

et al. 2017

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Background DNA viruses such as HPV rely on K+ influx for replication. Both digoxin and furosemide inhibit the K+ influx by interacting with cell membrane ion co‐transporters (Na+/K+‐ATPase and Na+‐K+‐2Cl− co‐transporter‐1, respectively). We therefore hypothesized that these two compounds in a topical formulation may be valuable in the treatment of HPV‐induced warts. This new approach is called Ionic Contra‐Viral Therapy (ICVT).ObjectiveTo evaluate systemic exposure, safety and tolerability of ICVT with a combination of furosemide and digoxin after repeated topical application in subjects with common warts. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate pharmacodynamics effects of ICVT.MethodsTwelve healthy subjects with at least four common warts on their hands were included in the study and treated with a fixed dose of 980 mg topical gel containing 0.125% (w/w) digoxin and 0.125% (w/w) furosemide for 7 consecutive days on their lower back to assess safety and systemic exposure. Two warts were treated with 10 mg each and two served as negative controls to obtain preliminary evidence of treatment effect.Results ICVT was well tolerated topically, and there was no evidence of systemic exposure of digoxin or furosemide. There were no clinical relevant safety findings and no serious adverse events (SAEs). A rapid and statistically significant reduction in diameter, height and volume of the warts was already observed at day 14.Conclusion ICVT was found to be safe for administration to humans and 7 days of active treatment showed a statistical significant wart reduction compared to untreated control lesions, clearly indicating pharmacological activity.

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Warts in primary schoolchildren: prevalence and relation with environmental factors

Cited by 136 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Verruca Vulgaris among Primary School Children in Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Verruca Vulgaris among Primary School Children in Madinah and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Epidemiología de dermatosis pediátricas en la región centro-occidental de Anatolia en Turquía

Topical ionic contra‐viral therapy comprised of digoxin and furosemide as a potential novel treatment approach for common warts

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