Washout kinetics of inhaled hydrogen cyanide in breath

Stamyr, Kristin; Nord, Pierre; Johanson, Gunnar

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.04.003

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…While these conclusions were developed using a rat model, we anticipate that they would likewise be applicable to humans or other species of interest for similarly fast acting compound. With regard to hydrogen cyanide in particular, the elimination half-life in exhaled air for humans was 15.6 ± 3.9 min (Stamyr et al, 2008), similar to the rat blood cyanide half-life reported by Leuschner et al (1991), suggesting the impact of ''gaps'' of toxicokinetics might be similar. Stamyr et al (2014) recently used physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of HCN lethality from human case reports with times to death ranging from $7 to 60 min to derive a toxic load exponent of 2.4.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Evaluating the validity and applicable domain of the toxic load model: Impact of concentration vs. time profile on inhalation lethality of hydrogen cyanide

Sweeney

Sommerville

Channel

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Sweeney, Lisa M.; Summerville, Douglas R.; Channel, Stephen R.; Sharits, Brian C.; Gargas, Nathan M.; and Gut Jr., Chester P., "Evaluating the validity and applicable domain of the toxic load model: Impact of concentration vs. time profile on inhalation lethality of hydrogen cyanide" (2015). In the present investigation, experiments were conducted to extend the evaluation of the applicable domain of the model for acute lethality of HCN in the rat (cumulative exposure range of 2900-11,000 ppm min). The lethality of HCN over very short (<5 min) durations of high concentrations did not conform to the toxic load model. A value of n = 1.57 was determined for uninterrupted exposures P5 min. For 30-min exposures, the presence or absence of a gap between two exposure pulses of different concentrations, the relative duration, relative height, and the ordering of the pulses (low then high, vs. high then low) did not appear to have a meaningful impact on the toxic load required for median lethality.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Evaluating the validity and applicable domain of the toxic load model: Impact of concentration vs. time profile on inhalation lethality of hydrogen cyanide

Sweeney

Sommerville

Channel

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…Even though this can be attributed to the time of sampling (12 out of 19 subjects had been fasting for more than 3 hours) and the losses in the bag, it hints that bag sampling could, with reservations, be applicable for breath HCN detection. For some purposes, the use of gas sampling bags is certainly adequate, for example in applications where large concentration differences between medical conditions are to be expected, as might be in the case of HCN poisoning by fire fumes [17]. To fully understand how bag sampling affects the measured HCN concentrations, a thorough study with simulated breath samples (humid, low ppbv concentration range) containing a known HCN mixing ratio has to be conducted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Systemic breath HCN may originate from metabolism, microorganisms, neutrophil-mediated cyanide generation [15] and enzymatic activity [7], or from exogenous sources such as food containing cyanogenic glycosides [16] and exposure to tobacco smoke or combustion gases. Elevated HCN levels may, for example, be expected due to hydrogen cyanide poisoning, which has been identified as a major cause of death of fire fighters and people caught in fires, but is difficult to diagnose on site and therefore often not properly treated [17]. There is also evidence that hydrogen cyanide is an important biomarker for bacterial infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin

et al. 2011

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PostprintThis is the accepted version of a paper published in Journal of Breath Research. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Abstract. The hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in exhaled human breath and skin gas samples collected with different sampling techniques was measured using nearinfrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The median baseline HCN concentrations in samples provided by 19 healthy volunteers 2-4 hours after the last meal depended on the employed sampling technique: 6.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in mixed (dead space and end-tidal) mouth-exhaled breath collected to a gas sampling bag, 3.9 ppbv in end-tidal mouth-exhaled breath, 1.3 ppbv in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath, 1.0 ppbv in unwashed skin, and 0.6 ppbv in washed skin samples. Diurnal measurements showed that elevated HCN levels are to be expected in mouth-exhaled breath samples after food and drink intake, which suggests HCN generation in the oral cavity. The HCN concentrations in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath and skin gas samples correlated and it is concluded that these concentrations best reflect systemic HCN levels.

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“…Studies were performed to evaluate the cyanide breath concentration as an indicator of systemic cyanide poisoning [8,12,27,35,36]. Lab analysis will confirm the diagnosis, but treatment should start without waiting for the lab results.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation

Anseeuw

Delvau

Burillo-Putze

et al. 2013

European Journal of Emergency Medicine

152

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Smoke inhalation is a common cause of cyanide poisoning during fires, resulting in injury and even death. In many cases of smoke inhalation, cyanide has increasingly been recognized as a significant toxicant. The diagnosis of cyanide poisoning remains very difficult, and failure to recognize it may result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment. Findings suggesting cyanide toxicity include the following: (a) a history of enclosed-space fire; (b) any alteration in the level of consciousness; (c) any cardiovascular changes (particularly inexplicable hypotension); and (d) elevated plasma lactate. The feasibility and safety of empiric treatment with hydroxocobalamin for fire smoke victims have been reported in the literature. On the basis of a literature review and a panel discussion, a group of European experts has proposed emergency management protocols for cyanide toxicity in fire smoke victims.

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Washout kinetics of inhaled hydrogen cyanide in breath

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Evaluating the validity and applicable domain of the toxic load model: Impact of concentration vs. time profile on inhalation lethality of hydrogen cyanide

Evaluating the validity and applicable domain of the toxic load model: Impact of concentration vs. time profile on inhalation lethality of hydrogen cyanide

Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin

Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation

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