Wasp predation and wasp-induced hatching of red-eyed treefrog eggs

Warkentin, Karen M.

doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1508

Cited by 171 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The foraging preferences and egg fates that we measured in this context may not be expressed in nature, for example if wasps do not sample sufficient clutches. To determine the developmental pattern of egg mortality caused by wasp predation in nature, we reanalysed data from a field study conducted at Ocelot Pond in 1998 (Warkentin 2000b). For 52 clutches attacked by wasps, all mortality could be assigned to circa 24-h developmental periods, between egg checks.…”

Section: Developmental Pattern Of Wasp Predation In Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polybia rejecta are capable of completely consuming even newly laid A. callidryas clutches, if they invest sufficient effort (Warkentin 2000b). This behaviour did not occur at the feeding station, and at Ocelot Pond wasps kill substantial portions of only a few young clutches.…”

Section: Learning and Prey Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eggs are safe from aquatic predators of tadpoles, and hatching allows escape from arboreal and aerial egg predators. Embryos hatch as much as 30% earlier than the typical undisturbed hatching time in response to a variety of egg-stage risks, including egg-eating snakes and wasps and pathogenic fungus (Warkentin 1995(Warkentin , 2000bWarkentin et al 2001). The predator-induced hatching is a rapid behavioural response of embryos to attack, and allows most embryos in clutches that are attacked late in development to escape.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both prey on A. callidryas eggs at all of our field sites. Snakes attack over half the egg clutches laid at a pond in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, and wasps attack about half the clutches that are laid at Ocelot Pond, near Gamboa, Panama (Warkentin 1995(Warkentin , 2000b. For egg-eating snakes crawling through the vegetation, the search time involved in locating clutches is likely to be the highest cost of foraging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individual Polybia foragers return repeatedly to a site while prey remain, taking what they can carry each time (Raveret Richter & Jeanne 1985Raveret Richter 2000). From A. callidryas clutches, the wasps remove one embryo at a time, sometimes returning until the entire clutch has been killed (Warkentin 2000b). Thus, foraging wasps have the opportunity to be selective about the particular clutches upon which they prey and might benefit from such selectivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of red-eyed treefrog eggs affects efficiency and choices of egg-foraging wasps

2006

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Section: Developmental Pattern Of Wasp Predation In Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Learning and Prey Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of red-eyed treefrog eggs affects efficiency and choices of egg-foraging wasps

2006

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Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs

Takahashi,

Ruszala

2023

Ecology and Evolution

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A common challenge that oviparous animals face is securing survivorship during the vulnerable embryonic stage. One of the parental investment strategies to improve survivorship is providing physical structures to protect the embryos. In amphibians, there is a notable diversity in jelly‐layer structures surrounding eggs. Previous studies show that these jelly layers provide eggs with protection against egg predators, egg pathogens, and desiccation. However, few studies examined the cost–benefit relationship of the jelly‐layer structures. By using the predator–prey interaction between wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) eggs as a model system, we tested three hypotheses: (1) having the outer jelly layers would be costly to the embryos, (2) the relative benefit of the structural egg defense would become apparent and increase as the intensity of egg predation increases, and (3) a certain degree of predation would increase the hatching success of salamander embryos by mechanically thinning the thick outer jelly layers and increasing oxygen diffusion throughout an egg mass. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a factorial experiment in which we crossed four egg‐predation levels with two jelly‐layer conditions, intact or removed. We found that the jelly layers were essential in protecting spotted salamander embryos from wood frog tadpoles but that the associated cost was apparent in no‐predation treatments. The differential survivorship between intact eggs and eggs without jelly layers showed that the fitness advantage of jelly layers increased as the level of predation increased. Finally, the hatching success of intact egg masses was highest under the high predation conditions. These results imply that the evolution of the jelly‐layer thickness occurred under constant egg‐predation pressure. Given this predator–prey coevolution, egg predators may play a critical role in improving the hatching success of salamander embryos under certain conditions.

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Risk assessment based on indirect predation cues: revisiting fine‐grained variation

McCoy

Wheat

Warkentin

et al. 2015

Ecology and Evolution

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To adaptively express inducible defenses, prey must gauge risk based on indirect cues of predation. However, the information contained in indirect cues that enable prey to fine‐tune their phenotypes to variation in risk is still unclear. In aquatic systems, research has focused on cue concentration as the key variable driving threat‐sensitive responses to risk. However, while risk is measured as individuals killed per time, cue concentration may vary with either the number or biomass killed. Alternatively, fine‐grained variation in cue, that is, frequency of cue pulses irrespective of concentration, may provide a more reliable signal of risk. Here, we present results from laboratory experiments that examine the relationship between red‐eyed treefrog tadpole growth and total cue, cue per pulse, and cue pulse frequency. We also reanalyze an earlier study that examined the effect of fine‐grained variation in predator cues on wood frog tadpole growth. Both studies show growth declines with increasing cue pulse frequency, even though individual pulses in high‐frequency treatments contained very little cue. This result suggests that counter to earlier conclusions, tadpoles are using fine‐grained variation in cue arising from the number of predation events to assess and respond to predation risk, as predicted by consumer–resource theory.

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Wasp predation and wasp-induced hatching of red-eyed treefrog eggs

Cited by 171 publications

References 23 publications

Development of red-eyed treefrog eggs affects efficiency and choices of egg-foraging wasps

Development of red-eyed treefrog eggs affects efficiency and choices of egg-foraging wasps

Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs

Risk assessment based on indirect predation cues: revisiting fine‐grained variation

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