Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

Berna, Xavier Salueña; Marín-Genescà, Marc; Vidal, Lluís Massagués; Dagà-Monmany, José María

doi:10.3390/ma14237323

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Since prices for brand-new aluminum can vary within a wide range, the utilization of waste aluminum with hydrogen generation could represent a viable idea. Aluminum foils, wires, dross, debris, machining products, and dust are considered sustainable materials for hydrogen production [ 29 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 ]. Aluminum machining scrap accounts for a significant fraction (13.7%) of the trash created by all manufacturing processes globally [ 94 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

Buryakovskaya,

Maslakov,

Borshchev

et al. 2024

Molecules

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A swarf of aluminum alloy with high corrosion resistance and ductility was successfully converted into fine hydro reactive powders via ball milling with silver powder and either lithium chloride or gallium. The latter substances significantly intensified particle size reduction, while silver formed ‘cathodic’ sites (Ag, Ag2Al), promoting Al corrosion in aqueous saline solutions with hydrogen generation. The diffraction patterns, microphotographs, and elemental analysis results demonstrated partial aluminum oxidation in the samples and their contamination with tungsten carbide from milling balls. Those factors were responsible for obtaining lower hydrogen yields than expected. For AlCl3 solution at 60 °C, Al–LiCl–Ag, Al–LiCl, Al–Ga–Ag, and Al–Ga composites delivered (84.6 ± 0.2), (86.8 ± 1.4), (80.2 ± 0.5), and (76.7 ± 0.7)% of the expected hydrogen, respectively. Modification with Ag promoted Al oxidation, thus providing higher hydrogen evolution rates. The samples with Ag were tested in a CaCl2 solution as well, for which the reaction proceeded much more slowly. At a higher temperature (80 °C) after 3 h of experiment, the corresponding hydrogen yields for Al–LiCl–Ag and Al–Ga–Ag powders were (46.7 ± 2.1) and (31.8 ± 1.9)%. The tested Ag-modified composite powders were considered promising for hydrogen generation and had the potential for further improvement to deliver higher hydrogen yields.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

Buryakovskaya,

Maslakov,

Borshchev

et al. 2024

Molecules

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“…For instance, metal from composite multilayer materials can be oxidized with the separation of plastic and/or paper layers [ 43 ]. Dross, scrap, and dust capable of causing uncontrollable hydrogen release upon contact with leachate or other oxidizing media can be effectively disposed of [ 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. Complex alloys with high contents of alloying elements and small fractions of impurities, mixed waste compositions, and disperse materials (chips, shavings, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bi–Sn–Pb Alloy and Ball-Milling Duration on the Reactivity of Magnesium–Aluminum Waste-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production

et al. 2023

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In the present study, composite materials were elaborated of mixed scrap of Mg-based casting alloys and low melting point Bi–Sn–Pb alloy by high energy ball milling, and their reactivity in NaCl solution with hydrogen release was tested. The impacts of the additive content and ball milling duration on their microstructure and hydrogen generation performance were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed significant microstructural transformations of the particles during milling, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) proved the formation of new intermetallic phases Mg3Bi2, Mg2Sn, and Mg2Pb. The said intermetallic phases were anticipated to act as ‘microcathodes’ enhancing galvanic corrosion of the base metal. The dependency of the samples’ reactivity on the additive content and milling duration was determined to be nonmonotonic. For the samples with 0, 2.5, and 5 wt.% Rose alloy, ball-milling during 1 h provided the highest hydrogen generation rates and yields (as compared to 0.5 and 2 h), while in the case of the maximum 10 wt.%, the optimal time shifted to 0.5 h. The sample activated with 10 wt.% Rose alloy for 0.5 h provided the highest ‘metal-to-hydrogen’ yield and rapid reaction, thus overperforming those with lower additive contents and that without additives.

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“…The shrinking core model examines the entire aluminum hydra-tion process, including the formation of hydroxide products based on reaction stages. On the other hand, the mass reduction method, as proposed by Berna et al [39], focuses on the active surface and is related to the rate of thickness reduction over time. Studies on the kinetics and mechanisms of hydrogen production from the aluminum-water reaction have been conducted [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Study of the Aluminum–water Reaction Using NaOH/NaAlO2 Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Aluminum Cans Waste

Fadhilah,

Muharja,

Risanti

et al. 2023

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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The presence of oxide layers covering the surface of aluminum is known to impede the hydrogen production reaction. These oxide layers can be broken by adding catalysts and increasing the aluminum-water reaction temperature. Common catalysts used are alkaline catalysts that are capable of achieving high hydrogen production rates in a short time at lower temperatures, while intermediate temperatures of above 50 °C can accelerate the hydration reaction of the oxide layer. Herein, the mixture of NaOH and NaAlO2 catalysts was employed to attain a stable NaAlO2 solution and continuous reaction of NaOH and aluminum. This research analyzes the influence of temperature between 32 and 80 °C on the aluminum, 0.3 M NaOH and 0.001 M NaAlO2 catalysts solution at atmospheric pressure. All solutions produces a similar hydrogen yields and rate. Solutions containing NaAlO2 indicate reverse reaction that surpressing the Al(OH)3 precipitation. Residue from the reaction is investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The volume of hydrogen produced is evaluated using a mathematical mass reduction and shrinking core model. The rate of hydrogen production depends largely on the aqueous solution's temperature, with an activation energy of 47.4 kJ/mol. Based on the findings, it is readily apparent that the reaction only produced gibbsite and bayerite, with gibbsite and bayerite being dominant at 32–70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The mass reduction model fits well with the present results with only an average 5.1 mL deviation, whereas the shrinking core model generally tends to result in underestimated values with an average deviation of 23.9 mL. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Waste Aluminum Application as Energy Valorization for Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Mobile Low Power Machines Applications

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

Silver-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution from Aluminum Oxidation in Saline Media

Effects of Bi–Sn–Pb Alloy and Ball-Milling Duration on the Reactivity of Magnesium–Aluminum Waste-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production

Kinetic Study of the Aluminum–water Reaction Using NaOH/NaAlO2 Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Aluminum Cans Waste

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