Waste lignin-based cationic flocculants treating dyeing wastewater: Fabrication, performance, and mechanism

An Early Study on the Synthesis of Lignin-Graft-(Net-Poly(acrylamide-co-N,N′methylenebisacrylamide)), Characterization of the Produced Copolymer, and Evaluation of Its Performance as Adsorbent for Lead Removal from Wastewater Purposes

“…The FTIR spectra for PAM (A), Lignin (B), HligAM4h (C), HLigAM24h (D), and HLi-gAMMW5 (E) are shown in Figure 2. The bands around 1600, 1515, and 1420 cm −1 for lignin were assigned to the skeletal vibration of aromatic rings [41,42] and the absorption bands at 1261, 1241, and 1125 cm −1 were attributed to the guaiacyl, gyringyl, and ether bonds of lignin [30]. These absorption bands are clearly seen in the spectra for HLigAM4h, HLigAM24h, and HLigAMMW5, which indicates that the aromatic structure of lignin was not destroyed or changed during de copolymerization [36].…”

Valorization of Sulfonated Kraft Lignin as a Natural Dye for the Sustainable Dyeing of Wool Fabrics: Effect of Peroxide Oxidation

“…The weight-averaged molecular weight of the lignosulfonate polymers is from 5 to 400 kDa compared to 1 to 5 kDa for the kraft lignin . Currently, lignin is mostly used to produce bioenergy but has also been studied to make fuel cell anode, supercapacitor cathode, flocculant, thermoplastic adhesive, biodegradable composites, biodegradable packaging, dye dispersant, and adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from textile dyeing effluent. Lignin is biodegradable under a compost environment by thermophilic microfungi and actinomycetes, and the optimum temperature for thermophilic fungi is 40–50 °C, which is also the optimum temperature for lignin degradation in compost …”

Chitosan–Nanolignin Aerogel with Microneedles-Based Architecture Obtained from Spent Sulfite Liquor

“…The sulfite liquor which resulted during cellulose extraction contains sodium salts and hundreds of different organic molecules with many hydroxyl groups obtained from the thermo-chemical braking of α-O-4 and β-O-4 ether bonds between hemicellulose, syringyl, and guaiacyl monomers of lignin [1]. The energetic value of sulfite liquor is known, and thisis the main application; however, a higher degree of interest has emerged intothe separation and valorization of the diversity of biocomponents, including biodiesel, fertilizers, and adsorbents [1][2][3][4][5]. The proposed ionotropic adsorption of carbonaceous and metallic nano/micro-particles with activated chitosan [6,7], simultaneously with the separation of the two ionically interconnected nano-dispersed phases from the residual sulfite liquor, represents an innovative approach, with only a few studieshaving been conducted on this subject [3,8,9].…”