Wastewater Evaluation for Multan, Pakistan:
Characterization and Agricultural Reuse

Khan, Zahid Mahmood; Kanwar, Rana Muhammad Asif; Farid, Hafiz Umar; Sultan, Muhammad; Arsalan, Muhammad; Ahmad, Maqbool; Aslam, Mian Muhammad Ahson

doi:10.15244/pjoes/90838

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Eccentric waters such as brackish, storm, and wastewater are being used depending upon the purposes [7,8]. Increasingly, use of these waters has also increased the urgent concern about the burden of negative impacts on the surrounding environment; one of the tremendous challenges confronting mankind is the exploration of green and sustainable methods to overcome these shortcomings [9][10][11][12][13]. Keeping in mind the current situation of water and wastewater treatment status, the technologies are not sustainable to meet healthy requirements for surrounding environment and community health [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Limited treatment efficiency was reported by using conventional adsorbents due their small surface area, limited number of active sites, deficiency in selectivity, and low adsorption kinetics [19]. These shortcomings of conventional adsorbents have been addressed in recent advancements of nano-adsorbents owing to their high surface area coupled with a higher number of active sites, tunable pore size, fast kinetics, and improved surface chemistry [10,[20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application

et al. 2021

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As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application

et al. 2021

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“…This tool considers three categories of the water quality parameters; crop yield and soil fertility indicators, hygiene and health quality indicators and irrigation systems indicators. A lot of studies assessed the reuse strategy according to regional standards (Beard, Bierkens, & Bartholomeus, 2019;Cakir, 2016;Haldar et al, 2020;Khan et al, 2019;Lavrnić et al, 2017;Müller & Cornel, 2017;Tripathi et al, 2019) or by developing management tools (Al-Mamoori & Al-Maliki, 2016;Ansari, Alavi, & Ghafoori, 2018;Ashu & Lee, 2019;Hatcho, Kurihara, Matsuno, & Horino, 2018;Jiao, Yu, & Xu, 2018;Sharifipour et al, 2020;Tan, Shao, & Gu, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of agricultural drainage water reuse for irrigation in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt

2021

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Agriculture sector and food security of Egypt are under stresses due to the shortage of freshwater budget. Agricultural drainage water reuse can be considered as the most appropriate solution to overcome the irrigation water shortage. Quality of the reused drainage water is of concern, particularly in arid regions, such as Egypt, due to salinity problems. Therefore, water quality assessment for reuse projects is essential. The objective of this work is to assess three different drainage water reuse projects in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt, based on experimental records and water quality index approach. Thirty-six water samples were seasonally collected from three different projects during 2017. Drainage water, freshwater and blended water were evaluated according to the Egyptian and international (FAO) guidelines for drainage and irrigation water. Moreover, CCME-WQI and NSF-WQI were applied to assess the drainage and irrigation water according to the Egyptian standards. Most the recorded parameters for drainage and irrigation water exceeded the permissible limits. The results confirmed the "Poor" and "Marginal" water quality status of all studied drains (drainage water) according to the Egyptian standards. The water quality status of all studied canals (blended water) was classified as "Bad" according to NSF-WQI. These results confirm that current drainage and blended water in the study are shouldn't be used. To avoid deterioration of the soil, crops, food security elements and health protection, treatment systems for drainage water are urgently recommended. Drainage water reuse projects should be carefully installed, and water quality assessment should be accompanied with these projects. This study is the base for an ongoing pilot project of using a low-cost drainage water improvement technology which can be considered as a supplemented tool to drainage water reuse.

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“…It is estimated that poor water and sanitation, floods, and droughts cost Pakistan's economy 4.0 percent of its GDP, or around $12 billion annually (Young et al, 2019). Multan (30.1575° N, 71.5249° E) releases 66×106 m 3 of wastewater and has an affluent potential of 5.17 m 3 / sec (Khan et al, 2019). Seventy percent of houses and other users are served by the sewerage network of the Multan Water and Sanitation Authority (MWASA) (NESPAK, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To analyze the impact of wastewater, a characterization study is required. Various physiological, biological, and chemical parameters were found to be exceeding their permissible limits in various wastewater characterization studies carried out for impact assessment in various cities of Pakistan and Multan (Khan et al, 2019). The qualities of wastewater should be thoroughly analyzed for the appropriate surveillance of its quality, management, and utilization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Contaminants Characterization and Evaluation from Wali Muhammad Distributary, Multan, Punjab

Raza¹,

Haq²,

Imran³

et al. 2022

JIS

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P akistan is the world's fourth-highest water user and ranks third amongst countries facing water shortages, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Ahmad, 2021). With the increase in overall water use, wastewater production and pollution load are also continuously increasing in Pakistan (Connor et al., 2017). In Pakistan, approximately half of the two million wet tonnes of human waste produced each year end up polluting the water (Maqbool, 2022). A study found that 60 Abstract | Wastewater production and disposal have become issues of concern with the growing population and increase in overall water usage. About 4.36 billion m 3 (BCM) of wastewater is generated every year in Pakistan and not even 1% of the total wastewater gets treated before its disposal. The reported research aims to assess the concentration of contaminants in wastewater. Samples of wastewater were collected from Wali Muhammad Canal, Multan, and analyzed for heavy metals (HMs) including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickle (Ni), and zinc (Zn), along with basic physicochemical parameters including biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), residual sodium carbonates (RSC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), carbonates (CO 3 ), and bicarbonates (HCO 3 ) by using standard analytical procedures. The contamination in the wastewater includes temperature,

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Wastewater Evaluation for Multan, Pakistan: Characterization and Agricultural Reuse

Cited by 18 publications

References 46 publications

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application

Assessment of agricultural drainage water reuse for irrigation in El-Behira Governorate, Egypt

Wastewater Contaminants Characterization and Evaluation from Wali Muhammad Distributary, Multan, Punjab

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