Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy

Hanjra, Munir A.; Blackwell, John; Carr, Gemma; Zhang, Fenghua.; Jackson, Tamara

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003

Cited by 276 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…The content of organic matter in wastewater from different sources varies, reaching on average up to several grams per liter. Thus, quoted in [18] the mean values for wastewater in France and USA are, respectively, the following: COD-300-1000 and 250-1000, BOD-100-400 and 110-400, suspended solids-150-500 and 100-350, total potash and nitrogen-30À100 and 20-85, and total phosphorus-1-25 and 4-15. More than twofold difference between COD and BOD shows that organic matter cannot be removed by biological treatment and additional treatment of wastewater is required.…”

Section: Industrial Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation-Induced Degradation of Organic Compounds and Radiation Technologies for Purification of Aqueous Systems

Makarov¹,

Пономарев²

2018

Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications

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Environmental application of radiation technologies is an important part of radiation processing. Radiation treatment of aqueous systems contaminated with organic compounds is a promising method of water and wastewater purification and corresponding technologies are being developed. In this chapter, the following aspects of radiation treatment process are considered: sources of contamination and major contaminants of water and wastewater; primary processes in aqueous systems initiated by ionizing radiation; principal ways of contaminant conversion as consequences of primary processes (complete mineralization of organic compounds, partial decomposition of organic molecules resulted in detoxification, decolorization, disinfection of polluted water, and improvement in biological degradation of contaminant, polymerization of monomers' contaminants, oxidation-reduction processes, and coagulation of colloids); sources of ionizing radiation; and main equipment applied in radiation technologies of aqueous system purification.

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Section: Industrial Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation-Induced Degradation of Organic Compounds and Radiation Technologies for Purification of Aqueous Systems

Makarov¹,

Пономарев²

2018

Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications

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“…Therefore, it makes sense to examine the inevitable trade-offs involving the cost and potential risk reduction effects of non-treatment options and strategies that involve multiple barriers (Wichelns and Drechsel 2011 ). Nutrient management, choice of crops, soil properties, irrigation methods, health risk regulation, land and water rights and public education are limitations to the use of wastewater irrigation (Hanjra et al 2012 ;Hussain et al 2001Hussain et al , 2002.…”

Section: Challenges Under Normal Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Experiences on Wastewater Irrigation: Challenges and Prospects

Valipour

Singh

2016

Water Science and Technology Library

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The need for irrigated agriculture is growing day by day and the largest water withdrawals from renewable water resources are for irrigation. In addition, the available water resources are decreasing and we need to use non-conventional water resources for irrigation due to looming water crisis (Raschid-Sally and Jayakody, Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: results from a global assessment. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, 35p, (IWMI Research Report 127), 2008). However, the volume of treating and using wastewater is limited due to the lack of adequate data and knowledge and/or negative effects of improper wastewater management (i.e. use of untreated wastewater). A comprehensive evaluation of what has been done is necessary in order to explore wastewater irrigation and to avoid trial-and-error policies. Although a study of wastewater irrigation from crops, soil, groundwater, health, irrigation equipments, modern technologies, and other environmental aspects is useful, management studies in comparison with other aspects can help lead to more reliable and more extensive fi ndings and fi nally a better decision on using wastewater for irrigation. The chapter presents challenges and prospects that may help decision making for the use of wastewater in irrigation.

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“…In areas where the economics of wastewater recovery and reuse are positive, and local governments encourage private firms to engage in the activity for profit, wastewater management can become a widely acknowledged business enterprise that generates sustainable benefits for households, communities, and farmers [35]. The health risks to farmers, households, and consumers can be managed through appropriate policy interventions [166,167].…”

Section: Capturing and Reusing Plant Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Water and Food Security in 2050: Outlook, Policies, and Investments

Wichelns

2015

Agriculture

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Food production in 2050 will be sufficient, globally, but many of the poor will remain food insecure. The primary cause of food insecurity will continue to be poverty, rather than inadequate food production. Thus, policies and investments that increase the incomes of the poor will remain the best ways to extend food security to all. Investments that promote growth in sustainable agriculture and provide non-farm employment opportunities in rural areas of lower income countries will be most helpful. There will be sufficient water, globally, to achieve food production goals and sustain rural and urban livelihoods, if we allocate and manage the resource wisely. Yet, water shortages will constrain agricultural production and limit incomes and livelihood opportunities in many areas. Policies and investments are needed to extend and ensure access to water for household use and agricultural production. Challenges requiring the attention of policy makers and investors include increasing urbanization and increasing demands for land and water resources. Policy makers must ensure that farmers retain access to the water they need for producing food and sustaining livelihoods, and they must create greater opportunities for women in agriculture. They must also motivate investments in new technologies that will enhance crop and livestock production, particularly for smallholders, and encourage the private sector to invest in activities that create employment opportunities in rural areas.

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Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy

Cited by 276 publications

References 88 publications

Radiation-Induced Degradation of Organic Compounds and Radiation Technologies for Purification of Aqueous Systems

Radiation-Induced Degradation of Organic Compounds and Radiation Technologies for Purification of Aqueous Systems

Global Experiences on Wastewater Irrigation: Challenges and Prospects

Achieving Water and Food Security in 2050: Outlook, Policies, and Investments

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