Water and wastewater digital surveillance for monitoring and early detection of the COVID-19 hotspot: industry 4.0

Abstract

There are a high number of COVID-19 cases per capita in the world that goes undetected including clinical diseases compatible with COVID-19. While the presence of the COVID-19 in untreated drinking water is possible, it is yet to be detected in the drinking-water supplies. COVID-19 viral fragments have been found in excrete, this call for wastewater monitoring and analysis (wastewater surveillance) of the potential health risk. This raises concern about the potential of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission via the water systems. The economic limits on the medical screening for the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 worldwide are turning to wastewater-based epidemiology as great potential tools for assessing and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveillance and tracking of the pathogens in the wastewater are key to the early warning system and public health strategy monitoring of the COVID-19. Currently, RT-qPCR assays is been developed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA specimen clinical testing and detection in the water system. Convectional wastewater treatment methods and disinfection are expected to eradicate the SAR-CoV-2. Chlorine, UV radiation, ozone, chloramine is been used to inactivate and disinfect the water treatment system against the SARS-CoV-2. Water management and design of the water infrastructure require major changes to accommodate climate change, water cycle, reimaging of digitalization, infrastructure and privacy protection. The water digital revolution, biosensors and nanoscale, contact tracing, knowledge management can accelerate with disruption of the COVID-19 outbreak (water-health-digital nexus).

Forward-Looking Roadmaps for Long-Term Continuous Water Quality Monitoring: Bottlenecks, Innovations, and Prospects in a Critical Review

“…With the provision of the high-fidelity LTCM profiles along with models development, a digital twin can form a central repository to advance predictive analytics, system optimization, and personnel training. 269 Additionally, data-driven analysis based on LTCM data can offer diverse temporal resolutions for fault detection, variable prediction, and automated control in water processes, 248 …”

“…With the provision of the highfidelity LTCM profiles along with models development, a digital twin can form a central repository to advance predictive analytics, system optimization, and personnel training. 269 Additionally, data-driven analysis based on LTCM data can offer diverse temporal resolutions for fault detection, variable prediction, and automated control in water processes, 248 6. CONCLUSIONS, FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES, AND OUTLOOK OF LTCM In this review, we elaborate a forward-looking roadmap of LTCM through a three-hierarchy perspective: sensor data, water parameters, and system level.…”

“…Future applications of LTCM in water systems profiling/modeling could be utilizing the high temporal resolution data obtained by sensors to develop a digital twin toward smart water system management. With the provision of the high-fidelity LTCM profiles along with models development, a digital twin can form a central repository to advance predictive analytics, system optimization, and personnel training . Additionally, data-driven analysis based on LTCM data can offer diverse temporal resolutions for fault detection, variable prediction, and automated control in water processes,…”

Spatial Syndromic Surveillance and COVID-19 in the U.S.: Local Cluster Mapping for Pandemic Preparedness

“…Adding challenge to this task was that many of the data inputs that had proved vital in identifying emerging patterns in 2020 and 2021, including widespread C19 testing, signals from severe hospital admissions, and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) run data were becoming less reliable and more geographically biased. While alternative data sources, especially wastewater, provided some hope to fill the gap, logistical challenges involving its sampling, and the delay in getting and then analyzing samples meant that in early 2022 it was still a less than optimal support for operational decision making [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Wastewater surveillance in Pakistan: Preventing future epidemics

“…Even though wastewater surveillance in Pakistan has matured into an effective strategy for various outbreaks, it often comes with challenges. The major issues that need to be considered are accounting for short-term fluctuations in population density for a reflection of the population, the necessity for biomarker extraction technology for the complicated wastewater mixture, and inadequate analytical tools that cover the susceptible areas [ 6 ]. Researchers aren't always familiar with how decisions are made in public health settings and have problems with data actionability and understanding [ 7 ].…”