Water-Borne Transmission of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Salmonella Typhi in Mexico

González-Cortés, A

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92427-6

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Moreover, the mortality rate in patients with typhoid fever who are receiving chloramphenicol is still high, especially in developing regions of the world (16)(17)(18). The emergence of Salmonella typhi strains resistant to chloramphenicol (19)(20)(21), ampicillin (20) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (19,22,23) has been increasingly reported in outbreaks of infection m several countries or regions such as M6xico, Peru, Vietnam, India and West Africa (24)(25)(26). In addition, a combination of resistance to two of these antimicrobial drugs has been reported (27,28).…”

Section: Treatment Schedules In Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state

Trujillo

Quiroz

Gutiérrez

et al. 1991

Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

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Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem throughout the world with a higher morbidity and mortality rate in the developing countries. Early establishment of the diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is not necessarily followed by complete resolution of the infection. Between 1% and 6% of patients with typhoid fever become chronic biliary carriers of Salmonella typhi. These carriers are potential factors in the continued transmission of the disease. The increasing emergence worldwide of strains showing multiple resistance to the agents traditionally used in therapy has encouraged investigators to seek alternatives such as third generation cephalosporins and recently the new 4-quinolones, which have greater activity against Salmonella typhi including multi-resistant strains. The fluoroquinolones seem to be the treatment of choice in those regions where resistant strains of Salmonella typhi are prevalent.

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Section: Treatment Schedules In Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state

Trujillo

Quiroz

Gutiérrez

et al. 1991

Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

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“…The virulence of LT-2 for mice, as assessed by intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose and the number of organisms in the spleen, was not affected by the R factor. On the other hand, the R factor conferred resistance in mouse infections to therapy with chloramphenicol and trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole.The epidemic of R factor-mediated typhoid fever in Mexico in 1972 and 1973 affected an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 persons with disease that was more severe and protracted with a higher rate of complications than usually seen with typhoid fever (11,13,15). These features led to speculation that the R factor may have increased the virulence of Salmonella typhi (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, antibiotic-resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam was shown to be associated with an identical R factor (7), which was classified as belonging to group Hi (1). Chloramphenicol has traditionally been the drug of choice (10), but it was ineffective in treating patients in Mexico and Vietnam (4,6,7,13,18). Ampicillin and amoxicillin were used in these epidemics with good results (6,8,12,17), but there is disagreement over the efficacy of the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (6, 12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epidemic of R factor-mediated typhoid fever in Mexico in 1972 and 1973 affected an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 persons with disease that was more severe and protracted with a higher rate of complications than usually seen with typhoid fever (11,13,15). These features led to speculation that the R factor may have increased the virulence of Salmonella typhi (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of a Salmonella Group H1 R Factor on Virulence and Response of Infections to Antimicrobial Therapy

Butler

Shuster

Franco

1979

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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A group Hi R factor encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline was transferred into Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. The virulence of LT-2 for mice, as assessed by intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose and the number of organisms in the spleen, was not affected by the R factor. On the other hand, the R factor conferred resistance in mouse infections to therapy with chloramphenicol and trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole.The epidemic of R factor-mediated typhoid fever in Mexico in 1972 and 1973 affected an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 persons with disease that was more severe and protracted with a higher rate of complications than usually seen with typhoid fever (11,13,15). These features led to speculation that the R factor may have increased the virulence of Salmonella typhi (11). At the same time, antibiotic-resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam was shown to be associated with an identical R factor (7), which was classified as belonging to group Hi (1). Chloramphenicol has traditionally been the drug of choice (10), but it was ineffective in treating patients in Mexico and Vietnam (4,6,7,13,18). Ampicillin and amoxicillin were used in these epidemics with good results (6,8,12,17), but there is disagreement over the efficacy of the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) (6, 12). In the following studies, murine typhoid infection (2, 3, 9, 14) was employed to assess the effect of the R factor from a drug-resistant strain of S. typhi on the virulence of the infecting agent and the response of infections to antimicrobial therapies currently used in the treatment of typhoid fever.The laboratory strain Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 was used in all experiments to receive the R factor and to infect mice. S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline was isolated from the blood of a patient with typhoid fever in Vietnam in 1975 (patient 124) (6). This strain and others from Vietnam had been shown by E. S. Anderson to harbor a group H1 R factor (1, 6). The R plasmid was transferred by conjugation to the Escherichia coli K-12 strain EB 50 proB metB trpA his Strr Nalr thy. Exponentially growing cultures of the donor and recipient strains were mixed in nutrient broth at a concentration of 2 x 10' cells per ml and incubated for 2 h. The mating mixture was plated on nutrient agar containing chloramphenicol (30 ,ug/ml) and nalidixic acid (80 ,tg/ml). The transconjugant colonies were restreaked twice on selective medium, and the plasmid was transferred to LT-2 by conjugation by using the above procedure, with the exception that mating was allowed to procede overnight. R factor-containing colonies of LT-2 were selected on minimal salts agar containing glucose (0.5%) and chloramphenicol (30 ug/ml).These colonies were reisolated on minimal selective agar twice before testing for multiple antibiotic resistance by disk susceptibility. The strains, both with and without R factor were susceptible to ampicillin (minimal inhibitory concentration, 2.5 tLg/...

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“…Resistance to these antimicrobial agents is usually mediated by R-plasmid transfer. Outbreaks of infection with chloramphenicol-resistant S. typhi in Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, and elsewhere have been documented (3,8,15,19), and ampicillin resistance and, less frequently, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance have also been reported (18,26). In addition, a combination of resistance to two of these agents has been reported (5-7); however, recovery of S. typhi resistant to all three antibiotics is quite rare (7,14), and there are no reports of such an isolate in the United States.…”

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confidence: 99%

In vivo selection for transmissible drug resistance in Salmonella typhi during antimicrobial therapy

Schwalbe

Hoge

Morris

et al. 1990

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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We report the recovery of Salmonella typhi that acquired resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin subsequent to multiple antibiotic therapy. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates which were recovered from the same stool sample displayed identical resistance patterns. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that S. typhi and laboratory-derived transconjugants contained a high-molecular-weight plasmid present in the resistant intestinal bacteria.

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Water-Borne Transmission of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Salmonella Typhi in Mexico

Cited by 24 publications

References 2 publications

Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state

Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and the carrier state

Effect of a Salmonella Group H1 R Factor on Virulence and Response of Infections to Antimicrobial Therapy

In vivo selection for transmissible drug resistance in Salmonella typhi during antimicrobial therapy

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