Water corrosion measurements on tungsten irradiated with high energy protons and spallation neutrons

Microstructure and tensile properties of tungsten at elevated temperatures

“…Pure tungsten has been widely used as target material at the spallation neutron sources such as LANSCE (Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre) [1,2] and ISIS (neutron source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) [3] and will be applied to the ESS (European Spallation Source) [4] target as well. Due to the high beam power (5 MW), a rotating target has been chosen as the design option at ESS, in order to distribute the beam energy and the radiation damage more uniformly in the spallation volume.…”

Application of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology to diffusion bond refractory metals for proton beam targets and absorbers at CERN

“…W and TZM feature limited corrosion resistance in high temperature flowing water . Moreover, in irradiation environments, corrosion rates of both materials increase significantly due to the build‐up of water radiolysis products . Materials such as Zircaloy, stainless steels, titanium alloys, and tantalum (Ta) alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance in aqueous environments …”

“…4 Moreover, in irradiation environments, corrosion rates of both materials increase significantly due to the build-up of water radiolysis products. 5,6 Materials such as Zircaloy, stainless steels, titanium alloys, and tantalum (Ta) alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance in aqueous environments. 7 Covering the target material with a 1-to 2-mm-thick layer of the latter materials is proposed as a practical solution to protect the target core without reducing the target physics performance.…”

Particle production and energy deposition studies for the neutrino factory target station

“…Each cryostat is protected by large shielding volumes, made from tungsten beads (60%) with an assumed low-grade density of 15:8 g=cc, and fast-flowing helium gas (40%), which replaces water as the cooling agent. This change is motivated by the concern that any creation of bubbles in the water will affect its circulation, giving nonuniform cooling of the tungsten beads, as well as the problem of corrosion in a high radiation environment [13]. Each shielding section, separated by 20 cm gaps, is surrounded by stainless steel container vessels (each with a thickness between 2 and 10 cm) that must support the $200 tonne weight while limiting stresses and deformations to acceptable values [14].…”