Water erosion assessment and control in Northern Iraq

Hussein, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(97)00007-x

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Other natural vegetations such as Elm, Desert figs, and Crab apples grow between 200 and 500 isohyets. Due to overgrazing and land mismanagement, the density of natural vegetation is low, which results in severe water erosion (mostly gully erosion) in the mountain and foothill areas of the basin (Hussein, ).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of characteristic discharges for the Adaim River (Iraq) in multiyear period

Hussein

Hameed

2019

River Research & Apps

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A major River Tigris tributary in Iraq, the Adaim River, has a Mediterranean river flow regime with a total basin area of 12,482 km 2 . The river catchment responds almost immediately to rainfall with apparently minimum storage (i.e. flashy stream). The river daily hydrograph showed a daily peak flow of 1,476 m 3 /s with substantial seasonal and random variability; the flow duration curve followed the two-parameter lognormal probability distribution. Gamma and the two-parameter Weibull probability distributions fitted the monthly mean river discharge for the period 1937-2012 well. Normal and gamma probability distributions were found to appropriately describe the distribution of the annual mean river discharge for the same period. Gumbel extreme value, Log Pearson type III, and the two-parameter lognormal distributions gave a reasonable fit to the annual maximum discharge record for the river. A regression formula was used to fit the annual minimum discharge record, which has a significant number of zero values. There was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.77) between the annual mean discharge at the measuring site and seasonal rainfall measured at Karkuk meteorological station located in the north central part of the basin. The rainfall record at Karkuk showed a significant decline in seasonal rainfall after 1993. KEYWORDSAdaim River, annual maximum and minimum discharges, flashy streams, flow duration curve, monthly and annual mean discharges

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of characteristic discharges for the Adaim River (Iraq) in multiyear period

Hussein

Hameed

2019

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“…Tais efeitos são bem constatados na literatura (MELTON, 1965;PATTON e SCHUMM, 1975;GALAY, 1983;PALIS et al, 1997;FRANCE, 1997;HUSSEIN, 1998;SCHUMM et al, 2001) e incluem: perda na qualidade da água; rápida sedimentação a jusante; troca do substrato do canal, relativamente estável, por uma areia muito móvel; maiores picos de cheia; maiores velocidades do escoamento devido a uma diminuição da resistência ao fluxo e maiores profundidades de escoamento; redução da biodiversidade de macro-invertebrados, répteis, anfíbios e peixes e algumas extinções locais por perda indiscriminada de habitats aquáticos permanentes; declínio da produtividade do solo; deslocamento de rotas de transporte; danos e perdas em estruturas, como pontes e barreiras.…”

Section: Efeitos Da Incisãounclassified

“…Naturalmente, o dano econômico causado pela perda de solo não atinge somente o agricultor, pois representa uma certa quantidade de sedimentos, nutrientes e poluentes que irão atingir mananciais de abastecimento público, comprometendo a qualidade da água, tanto física como quimicamente, alterando ainda a vida aquática e, também, comprometendo a saúde da população que se abastece desta água (PALIS et al, 1997;FRANCE, 1997;HUSSEIN, 1998). Além disso, os custos ambientais e sociais são aumentados pelo assoreamento de rios, barragens ou represas, assim como pela perda da capacidade produtiva dos solos.…”

Section: Efeitos Da Incisãounclassified

Modelagem De Canais Incisivos - Revisão

Quadros¹,

Wisniewski²,

Passos³

2004

Ra'e Ga

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1 O presente trabalho foi realizado como o apoio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -CNPq -Brasil. 2 ruth-maria.quadros@mma.gov.br, Secretaria de Recursos Hídricos/MMA, SGAN 601, lote 1, Brasília-DF. 3 cewisni@agrarias.ufpr.br, professora, DSEA -UFPR, R. dos Funcionários, 1540 -80035-050, Curitiba-PR 4 everton@ufpr.br, UFPR RESUMOO objetivo deste artigo é documentar as mais importantes pesquisas e aspectos histórico-cronológicos sobre a modelagem da incisão de canais. São apresentados os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos envolvidos, desde a dedução das equações de Saint-Venant e de Exner, até as mais recentes pesquisas sobre o alargamento e o deslizamento das margens dos canais, considerando a coesão das mesmas. Do ponto de vista quantitativo, ainda há muitos processos importantes a serem solucionados, com destaque para os mecanismos envolvidos na desagregação e transporte de partículas de solo coesivas. Pesquisas recentes mostram que a estimativa da desagregação pelos métodos tradicionais de determinação da resistência do solo pode não ser a mais recomendada para avaliar a resistência na interface solo-água. Isto aponta para a importância dos processos físico-químicos envolvidas na estabilidade das partículas do solo e, conseqüentemente, na sua suscetibilidade à erosão, assim como a importância da sua representação matemática e inclusão na modelagem do processo de incisão de canais. Palavras-chave:Sulco, voçoroca, desagregação, estabilidade de agregados, erosão. ABSTRACTThis paper aims at documenting some of the more important research and historical-chronological aspects concerning incised channels modelling. Qualitative and quantitative aspects are presented, beginning with the deduction of the Saint-Venant and Exner equations and going through the more recent equations explaining the enlargement and stability of cohesive riverbanks. From a quantitative point of view, there are still many important processes to be solved, specially those regarding detachment mechanisms and transport of cohesive soil aggregates. Recent research has shown that soil evaluation aggregates detachment by conventional methods (soil strength determination) cannot measure the properties at the soil-water interface with the necessary resolution. These results allow visualizing the importance of the physicochemical mechanisms involved on aggregate stability at the soil-water interface; and, consequently, its degradation suscetibility. These mechanisms should be mathematically described and included in incised channel modeling.

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“…Soil erosion by rainfall and runoff is a major problem in northern Iraq (Hussein, 1998). Nutrient loss associated with rainfall-runoff events is due to surface flow, erosion and leaching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus and nitrogen losses associated with runoff and erosion on an Aridisol in northern Iraq

Hussein

Awad³

1999

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Runoff and soil erosion are known to cause a degradation in soil and water quality. Six natural runoff plots (three 10 m long and three 30 m long) were established on 6% uniform slope area for the study of P and N losses associated with runoff and soil erosion in northern Iraq. The soil at the site belongs to the Calciorthid suborder which dominates in the low rainfall zone of northern Iraq. Runoff, erosion, and associated P and N losses, were recorded from these plots for three rainfall seasons. Results illustrated that eroded sediment is always rich in available P and inorganic N compared to the original soil. Concentrations of soluble P and soluble N in runoff illustrated significant variability both between storms and between seasons. Both sediment-bound P and soluble P were significantly correlated with the ratio of runoff to rainfall. Pertes en phosphore et en azote dues au ruissellement et à l'érosion dans le nord de l'IrakRésumé On sait le rôle du ruissellement et de l'érosion des sols dans la dégradation des sols et de la qualité des eaux. Six parcelles d'étude du ruissellement naturel (trois de 10 m de long et trois de 30 m de long) de pente égale à 6% ont été mises en place en vue d'étudier les pertes en P et N dues au ruissellement et à l'érosion, sur un soussol calcaire très courant dans la région peu arrosée du Nord de l'Irak. Le ruissellement, l'érosion et les pertes en P et N ont été mesurés durant trois saisons des pluies. Les résultats ont montré que les sédiments provenant de l'érosion sont beaucoup plus riches en P et en N que le sol original. La concentration du phosphore mobilisable et de l'azote minéral dans les eaux de ruissellement présente une importante variabilité selon les averses et saisons étudiées. Aussi bien le P dissous que le P particulaire sont significativement corrélés au rapport du ruissellement aux précipitations.

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Water erosion assessment and control in Northern Iraq

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

An analysis of characteristic discharges for the Adaim River (Iraq) in multiyear period

An analysis of characteristic discharges for the Adaim River (Iraq) in multiyear period

Modelagem De Canais Incisivos - Revisão

Phosphorus and nitrogen losses associated with runoff and erosion on an Aridisol in northern Iraq

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