Water exercise in coronary artery disease patients, effects on heart rate variability, and body composition: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

The WAET protocol improved the cardiac autonomic modulation of patients with CAD and can be considered as exercise training strategy in cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Supervised aquatic-based exercise for men with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

“…Data from two studies comparing AqEx versus no exercise revealed significant between-groups differences in exercise tolerance (minutes at the cardiopulmonary exercise test; CPET) favouring AqEx (MD 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5–1.9) 14,16 and in total body strength favouring AqEx (MD 41.3; 95% CI 19.7–62.9). Data pooling from the studies that assessed body composition (body weight, body mass index (BMI) and sum of skinfolds) revealed no differences in body weight (MD −1.2; 95% CI −4.7–2.4) 13,14,16 and BMI (MD 0.45; 95% CI −1.3–2.2). 13,14 Conversely, a significant difference was found for the sum of skinfolds, favouring AqEx (MD −8.6; 95% CI −12.3 to −4.8).…”

“…Data pooling from the studies that assessed body composition (body weight, body mass index (BMI) and sum of skinfolds) revealed no differences in body weight (MD −1.2; 95% CI −4.7–2.4) 13,14,16 and BMI (MD 0.45; 95% CI −1.3–2.2). 13,14 Conversely, a significant difference was found for the sum of skinfolds, favouring AqEx (MD −8.6; 95% CI −12.3 to −4.8). 14,16 In the meta-analyses of the two studies 17,18 comparing AqEx plus LEx versus LEx alone, data showed a significant difference in peak power output (watts at CPET) favouring AqEx plus LEx (MD 11.0; 95% CI 4.0–18.1), while no significant difference was detected for peak oxygen uptake (MD 2.0; 95% CI −0.9–4.9) (see Figure 1).…”

“…Six studies were included in our qualitative synthesis 13–18 (see Supplementary file 1), involving 189 individuals with a documented diagnoses of CAD, i.e. myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome.…”

Different physiotherapy protocols after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized controlled trial

“…Cardiac autonomic modulation can be evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV), which involves simple noninvasive measurement of the oscillations in intervals between consecutive heartbeats (RR intervals; Kulur, Haleagrahara, Adhikary, & Jeganathan, 2009). A reduced HRV is associated with cardiac events, such as sudden death of patients, and an increased HRV is associated with higher survival rates (Oliveira et al, 2013), patients with cardiac disease have HRV altered, and exercise can improvement this (Fiogbé et al, 2018).…”

Physical Capacity at Cardiac Patients-Tests and Innovative Methods of Rehabilitation

“…In the training group, 48 WAT sessions performed at moderate intensity resulted in a significant improvement in the HR variability index of patients with coronary artery disease, while all the body composition variables remained unchanged. This study suggests that the WAT may be an important therapeutic alternative that should be included in cardiac rehabilitation programs in patients with coronary artery disease, especially those with reduced mobility that impedes proper exercise on land [24]. Walking training appeared to be more effective than walking without poles at a distance covered during the 6-minute walk test, therefore it seems to be favorable rehabilitation method of the patients with coronary artery disease or peripheral arteries disease [25].…”