The WAET protocol improved the cardiac autonomic modulation of patients with CAD and can be considered as exercise training strategy in cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Fiogbé, E, Vassimon-Barroso, V, Catai, AM, de Melo, RC, Quitério, RJ, Porta, A, and Takahashi, ACdM. Complexity of knee extensor torque: effect of aging and contraction intensity. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1050–1057, 2021—Assessing the knee extensors' torque complexity in older adults is relevant because these muscles are among the most involved in functional daily activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aging and isometric contraction intensity on knee extensor torque complexity. Eight young (24 ± 2.8 years) and 13 old adults (63 ± 2.8 years) performed 3 maximal (maximum voluntary contraction [MVC], duration = 10 seconds) and submaximal isometric contractions (SICs, targeted at 15, 30, and 40% of MVC, respectively) of knee extensors. Torque signals were sampled continuously, and the metrics of variability and complexity were calculated basing on the SIC torque data. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used to quantify the torque variability. The torque complexity was determined by calculating the corrected approximate entropy (CApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn) and its normalized versions (NCApEn and NSampEn). Young subjects produced greater isometric torque than older adults, and the CV was similar between both groups except at the highest force level (40% MVC) where young subjects' value was higher. The major novel finding of this investigation was that although the knee extensor torque complexity is reduced in older adults, its relationship with contraction intensity is similar to young subjects. This means that despite the age-related decrease of the interactions between the components of the neuromuscular system, the organization of force control remains preserved in older adults, at least up to just below the force midrange.

Aim Frailty syndrome is related to decreased physiological complexity, functional capacity and cognition. Physical exercise has been suggested to slow down and reverse this syndrome. However, evidence of its effectiveness is not as straightforward as conventionally admitted, as there is a lack of trials with rigorous methodology. The purpose of this study was to describe the Pre‐Frail Multicomponent Training Intervention protocol. Methods Cardiovascular, motor control and neuromuscular systems of pre‐frail older adults will be assessed by measuring the complexity of the output of these systems. Functional capacity and cognition will be assessed by specific tools. A 16‐week training protocol will be carried out on three alternate days, with 60‐min sessions, and combining aerobic, muscle strength, flexibility and balance exercises. The objective of this intervention is to improve the cardiovascular, motor control and neuromuscular systems, as well as functional capacity and cognition of pre‐frail older adults. The assessment of these systems will be carried out using gold standard devices. Results The results of the present study might allow clinical and functional support for the evaluation of the variables analyzed. Conclusion This protocol is easily reproducible and requires low‐cost materials, thus the Pre‐Frail Multicomponent Training Intervention could be a therapeutic strategy for pre‐frail older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 684–689.

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