Water quality assessment along Tigris River (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software

Chabuk, Ali; Al-Madhlom, Qais; Al-Maliki, Ali; Al‐Ansari, Nadhir; Hussain, Hussain Musa; Laue, Jan

doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05575-5

Cited by 112 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The water quality index (WQI) value along the Tigris River and the interpolation map for each parameter shows a comprehensive vision about the water quality of the river studied by (Chabuk et al, 2020). The interpolation maps of the WQI distribution along the Tigris River in the wet and dry seasons based on the WQI value at each station of the river calculated in the current study can be seen in Figure 3.…”

Section: Surface Water Quality In Iraqmentioning

confidence: 88%

Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

Al‐Ansari¹,

Saleh²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2020

Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering

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Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country’s water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. Keywords: Pollution, Water Quality, Waste, Surface water, Groundwater, Iraq.

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Section: Surface Water Quality In Iraqmentioning

confidence: 88%

Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

Al‐Ansari¹,

Saleh²,

Abdullah³

et al. 2020

Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering

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“…Turbidity monitoring allows us to assess TSS flows [10]. In this study, the value of all suspended solids in water ranges between (16-64) mg/l as clarified in Fig.4.…”

Section: Tssmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…That is, values at unknown locations ̂ (S 0 ) were determined by the weighting value ( i ) and values at known locations (S i ) expressed mathematically as shown in Eq. (1) [10].…”

Section: Mapping Of Water Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality Assessment for Tigris River Through Salah Al-Din Province, Iraq Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Qassim

Ahmed

2020

IJP

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water quality assessment is still being done at specific locations of major concern. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) based water quality information system and spatial analysis with Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation enabled the mapping of water quality indicators along Tigris river in Salah Al-Din government, Iraq. Water quality indicators were monitored by taking 13 river samples from different locations along the river during Winter season year 2020. Maps of 10 water quality indicators. This meant that the specific water quality indicator and diffuse pollution characteristics in the basin were better illustrated with the variations displayed along the course of the river than conventional line graphs. Creation of water quality maps would enhance surveillance, implementation of standards and regulations for better management and control of pollution.

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“…Tigris river faced considerable water lacks from 2009 to 2014. These water lacks are anticipated to increase due to global warming and increasing water demand upstream (Turkey, Syria and Iran) (Al-Ansari et al, 2018;Chabuk et al, 2020;Mohammad & Jassim, 2014).…”

Section: Public Interest Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions about water pollution among university students: A case study from Iraq

Al-Maliki¹,

Farhan

Jasim

et al. 2021

Cogent Engineering

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This study intends to evaluate university students' awareness regarding water pollution in Iraq to show the environmental education contribution in reducing water pollution. The study was conducted in Wasit university, Wasit province, Iraq by field questionnaire survey with 388 students from the civil engineering department and engineering college. The questionnaires were divided according to the pollution causes into industrial, agricultural and sewage water pollutants. The data were analyzed utilizing the thematic analysis to assess environmental knowledge and awareness of water pollution risks. The results show that most students have high interest in environmental conservation, yet, a lack of education in general environmental education, as the educational curriculum focuses on theoretical aspects more than the practical ones. The results also show that the media role is inactive concerning environmental awareness of water pollution. This study provides a scientific view of policymakers for potential future conditions to find solutions that achieve sustainability goals.

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Water quality assessment along Tigris River (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software

Cited by 112 publications

References 35 publications

Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

Water Quality Assessment for Tigris River Through Salah Al-Din Province, Iraq Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Perceptions about water pollution among university students: A case study from Iraq

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