“…Precipitation holds significant importance in the development, planning, and management of water resources projects (Aadhar et al 2019;Dayal et al 2019;Guptha et al 2021Guptha et al , 2022Swain et al, 2015Swain et al, , 2017aSwain et al, , 2017bSwain et al, , 2018aSwain et al, , 2018bSwain et al, , 2022cVerma et al 2016). In India, where over two-thirds of population relies on agriculture directly, rainfall plays a crucial role, particularly due to the Southwest monsoon (Bahita et al 2021a(Bahita et al , 2021bDhal and Swain 2022;Kannan et al 2010;Swain 2014Swain , 2017Swain et al 2019aSwain et al , 2019bSwain et al , 2020aSwain et al , 2021aSwain et al , 2021bSwain et al , 2021cSwain et al , 2022aSharma et al 2020). The majority of annual rainfall is attributed to monsoon rains, making any alterations or fluctuations in precipitation a substantial factor impacting the country's agriculture and food security (Nandi et al 2024;Swain, 2014;Swain et al 2020bSwain et al , 2022bSwain et al , 2022d.…”