Water Requirements versus Water Availability in Saudi Arabia

Rizaiza, Omar S. Abu; Allam, Mohamed N.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1989)115:1(64)

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Agriculture, industry, and domestic requirements are supported solely by these three sources, as there are no rivers or lakes, and surface runoff is intermittent because of the erratic nature of rainfall. The amount of rain received is less than 100 mm annually, and the resulting runoff is estimated at 2025 million cubic meters (MCM) (Abu Rizaiza and Allam 1989). Thirty percent of this amount is diverted for agriculture, 45% for recharging groundwater aquifers, and the remainder is lost by evaporation.…”

Section: Water Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies, commissioned to different consulting firms by the Ministry of Agriculture and Water (MAW), and undertaken privately by several researchers (EI-Khatib 1980, Noori 1983, MAW 1984, BAAC 1979, Abu Rizaiza and Allam 1989 have been carried out since 1965. The quantitative storage volumes obtained from these studies ibr the different aquifers, both proven and speculative, are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Water Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domestic water conservation potential in Saudi Arabia

Abdulrazzak

Khan

1990

Environmental Management

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/ Domestic water conservation in arid climates can result in efficient utilization of existing water supplies. The impacts of conservation measures such as the installation of water-saving devices, water metering and pricing schemes, water rationing and public awareness programs, strict plumbing codes, penalties for wasting water, programs designed to reduce leakage from public water lines and within the home, water-efficient landscaping, economic and ethical incentives are addressed in detail. Cost savings in arid climates, with particular reference to Saudi Arabia, in relation to some conservation techniques, are presented. Water conservation technology and tentative demonstration and implementation of water conservation programs are discussed.In the early 1900s water conservation basically meant the preservation of surface runoff, accumulated during the rainy season, for use during dryer months or in other areas where water was not available in abundance. Utilities considered their mandate to be the provision of water required by their clients, and thus no attempts were made to modify or reduce water demand. In later years it was realized that the reservoirs build to conserve water also served as flood protection and erosion control devices, in addition to indirect uses such as power production. Utilities began to see the varied benefits of controlling or managing the water they delivered to clients. Thus began the concept of multipurpose water conservation programs.Today, water conservation entails a complex interconnecting system that deals with a variety of aspects ranging from consumer education to advanced technological equipment. Included under the heading of water conservation today are: programs and techniques designed to curb domestic, agricultural, and industrial water use; wastewater reduction, treatment, and reuse; supply-demand and replenishment-depletion relationships, energy consumption, as well as environmental concerns. All these aspects must be considered in relation to their economic, social, political, legal, and aesthetic ties. While all points should be considered for an effective water conservation policy, certain aspects become more important depending on KEY WORDS: Domestic water conservation; water-saving programs; cost savings; arid regions' water use *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.the location where the plan will be implemented and the urgency of the overall water supply-demand situation. For example, in an area where the water supply is relatively reliable, but peak demand during summer months creates shortages, moderate conservation policies could be implemented in order to assure a steady supply throughout the year. Such policies as consumer education, regulations requiring new construction to employ the use of water-efficient equipment, and promotion of efficient water-system operations would be appropriate. However, in times of drought or in arid and semiarid regions, more intense management must occur. They may include: reduction of water usage thr...

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Section: Water Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic water conservation potential in Saudi Arabia

Abdulrazzak

Khan

1990

Environmental Management

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“…On the other hand, there have been reports of rising groundwater levels in many other parts of the arid world. These reported occurrences of rising groundwater were found to be largely local in distribution and have been attributed to a lack of organized discharge systems, leakages from water supply systems or cesspools [11], and increased infiltration from precipitation or irrigation [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the Distribution of Shallow Groundwater Occurrences Using Remote Sensing-Based Statistical Modeling over Southwest Saudi Arabia

et al. 2020

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Identifying shallow (near-surface) groundwater in arid and hyper-arid areas has significant societal benefits, yet it is a costly operation when traditional methods (geophysics and drilling) are applied over large domains. In this study, we developed and successfully applied methodologies that rely heavily on readily available temporal, visible, and near-infrared radar and thermal remote sensing data sets and field data, as well as statistical approaches to map the distribution of shallow (1–5 m deep) groundwater occurrences in Al Qunfudah Province, Saudi Arabia, and to identify the factors controlling their development. A four-fold approach was adopted: (1) constructing a digital database to host relevant geologic, hydrogeologic, topographic, land use, climatic, and remote sensing data sets, (2) identifying the distribution of areas characterized by shallow groundwater levels, (3) developing conceptual and statistical models to map the distribution of shallow groundwater occurrences, and (4) constructing an artificial neural network (ANN) and multivariate regression (MR) models to map the distribution of shallow groundwater, test the models over areas of known depth to groundwater (area of Al Qunfudah city and surroundings: 294 km2), and apply the better of the two models to map the shallow groundwater occurrences across the entire Al Qunfudah Province (area: 4680 km2). Findings include: (1) high performance for the ANN (92%) and MR (88%) models in predicting the distribution of shallow groundwater using temporal-derived remote sensing products (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), radar backscatter coefficient, precipitation, and brightness temperature) and field data (depth to water table), (2) areas witnessing shallow groundwater levels show high NDVI (mean and standard deviation (STD)), radar backscatter coefficient values (mean and STD), and low brightness temperature (mean and STD) compared to their surroundings, (3) correlations of temporal groundwater levels and satellite-based precipitation suggest that the observed (2017–2019) rise in groundwater levels is related to an increase in precipitation in these years compared to the previous three years (2014–2016), and (4) the adopted methodologies are reliable, cost-effective, and could potentially be applied to identify shallow groundwater along the Red Sea Hills and in similar settings worldwide.

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Conservation in the Arabian Gulf Countries

Akkad¹

1990

Journal AWWA

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In the Arabian Gulf region in general, and in Saudi Arabia in particular, demand for water in the agricultural, domestic, and industrial sectors has increased dramatically as a result of rapid development, an improved standard of living, and diversification of economic activity in agriculture and industry. This article presents an overview of supply and demand situations prevailing in the Arabian Gulf region and discusses various conventional and unconventional alternatives for meeting the growing demand for water. It also describes conservation measures and their socioeconomic effects.JOURNALAWWA

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Water Requirements versus Water Availability in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Domestic water conservation potential in Saudi Arabia

Domestic water conservation potential in Saudi Arabia

Mapping the Distribution of Shallow Groundwater Occurrences Using Remote Sensing-Based Statistical Modeling over Southwest Saudi Arabia

Conservation in the Arabian Gulf Countries

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