Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Conditions and Their Association with Selected Diseases in Urban India

Abstract

In urban India, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are a significant public health concern because the urban resident has more adverse exposure to WASH practices and there is a severe crisis of demand and supply. This study aims to explore WASH conditions and their association with selected diseases in urban households in India. WASH conditions and the prevalence rates of stomach problems, malaria, skin diseases, and fever due to diseases other than malaria were calculated using the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)'s 69 th round data. Logistic regression was carried out to examine the association of WASH conditions with selected diseases. About 95% of households studied had access to improved sources of drinking water, 77% had water sources within their premises, and 90% had improved latrine facilities. 52% were covered by municipalities' garbage collection facilities, 60% were connected with improved drainage, whereas 97% had problems with flies and mosquitos. Unimproved sources of drinking water were significantly associated with stomach problems and skin diseases. The quality of drinking water, the non-availability of latrine facilities, and the absence of garbage collections were significantly associated with stomach problems and fever other than malaria. Improved WASH conditions are crucial to achieving better health and development in urban India, and the results suggest the need for effective policy and program interventions in waste management along with awareness generation on hygienic environment.

Preprocessing alternatives for compositional data related to water, sanitation and hygiene

“…r = number of positive variables in the balance V s = number of negative variables in the balance V g m (−) = geometric mean of variables However, to illustrate the behavior of the models in the transformed data, a type of balance is carried out, consistent with the usual form of analysis in the WASH sector. For example, global monitoring is based on the classification of access to improved and unimproved water and sanitation services, which are subsequently subdivided into service categories (WHO/UNICEF, 2017; Turman-Bryant et al, 2018); likewise, both inequalities in access to water and sanitation (Yang et al, 2013;Bain et al, 2014;Anthonj et al, 2020b;Chitonge et al, 2020) as well as studies of access to WASH and its relation to health (Prüss-Ustün et al, 2014;Freeman et al, 2017;Ashole Alto et al, 2020;Hasan and Alam, 2020;Patel et al, 2020) imply in one way or another the classification of improved and unimproved services. Therefore, the order of the balances (Egozcue and Pawlowsky-Glahn, 2005) is defined under this criterion (see Fig.…”

Evaluation of WASH indicators associated with diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in an urban slum pocket, Mumbai city, India: a community-based repeated cross-sectional study

“…The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasises water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices to be the most basic needs for overall development (Patel et al 2020). The global importance of adequate WASH for development, poverty reduction and health is reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), wherein SDG6 targets improved WASH, i.e., 'Ensure access to water and sanitation for all' (WHO 2019).…”

Análisis composicional del acceso a servicios de agua, saneamiento e higiene y medida de sus desigualdades

“…Sin embargo, para ilustrar el comportamiento de los modelos en los datos transformados, se realiza un tipo de balance, coherente con la forma habitual de análisis en el sector ASH. Por ejemplo, el seguimiento mundial se basa en la clasificación del acceso a los servicios de agua y saneamiento mejorados y no mejorados, que posteriormente se subdividen en categorías de servicios (WHO/UNICEF, 2017; Turman-Bryant et al, 2018); Asimismo, tanto las desigualdades en el acceso al agua como al saneamiento (Yang et al, 2013;Bain et al, 2014; WHO/UNICEF, 2019a; Anthonj et al, 2020b;Chitonge et al, 2020) como los estudios sobre el acceso a ASH y su relación con la salud (Prüss-Ustün et al, 2014;Freeman et al, 2017;Ashole Alto et al, 2020;Hasan y Alam, 2020;Patel et al, 2020) implican de un modo u otro la clasificación de servicios mejorados y no mejorados. Por lo tanto, el orden de los balances (Egozcue y Pawlowsky-Glahn, 2005) se define bajo este criterio (ver Figura 4.2), con el desglose de cada parte de la siguiente manera:…”